INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/mvme68k. DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 1.5 on the mvme68k platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on thirty-one different system architectures featuring twelve dis- tinct families of CPUs, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 1.5 re- lease contains complete binary releases for fifteen different machine types. (The sixteen remaining are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.netbsd.org/) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. Changes Since The Last Release The NetBSD 1.5 release provides numerous significant functional enhance- ments, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many userland enhance- ments. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize over one year of development that went into the NetBSD 1.5 release. Some highlights include: Kernel o Ports to new platforms including: arc, cobalt, hpcmips, news68k, sgimips, and sparc64. o Improved performance and stability of the UVM virtual memory subsys- tem. o Implementation of generic kernel locking code, as well as a restruc- ture and re-tuning of the scheduler, to be used by the future symmet- ric multi-processing (SMP) implementation. o Improved compatibility support for Linux, OSF1, and SVR4 programs. o New compatibility support for Win32 programs. o Support for dynamically loaded ELF kernel modules. o Kernel process tracing using ktruss(1). o Deletion of swap devices using swapctl(8). o Easier hot-pluggability of keyboards and mice using a new wscons de- vice - wsmux. o Improved PCMCIA and Cardbus support, including support for detaching of devices and cards, resulting in better support for notebooks and PDA devices. o Numerous hardware improvements, including areas such as: audio, UD- MA/66 support for ATA drives, USB, and wireless networking. Networking o Addition of IP version 6 (IPv6) and IPsec to the networking stack, from the KAME project. This includes addition of kernel code for IPv6/IPsec, IPv4/v6 dual-stack user applications and supporting li- braries. Due to this, the shlib major version for pcap(3) is incre- mented and you may need to recompile userland tools. The KAME IPv6 part includes results from the unified-ipv6 effort. File system o Significant Fast file system (FFS) performance enhancements via inte- gration of Kirk McKusick's soft updates and trickle sync code. o Support for the Windows NT `NTFS' file system (read-only at this stage). o Support for revision 1 of the Linux `ext2fs' file system. o Enhanced stability and usability of LFS (the BSD log-structured file system). o Various RAIDframe enhancements including: auto-detection of RAID com- ponents and auto-configuration of RAID sets, and the ability to con- figure the root file system (/) on a RAID set. o Support for Microsoft Joliet extensions to the ISO9660 CD file sys- tem. o Improved file system vnode locking mechanisms, thus resolving a source of several panics in the past. o Support for NFS and RPC over IPv6. o Server part of NFS locking (implemented by rpc.lockd(8)) now works. Security o Strong cryptographic libraries and applications integrated, including the AES cipher Rijndael, the OpenSSL library, more complete Kerberos IV and Kerberos V support, and an SSH server and client. o sysctl(3) interfaces to various elements of process and system infor- mation, allowing programs such as ps(1), dmesg(1) and the like to op- erate without recompilation after kernel upgrades, and remove the ne- cessity to run setgid kmem (thus improving system security). o Disable various services by default, and set the default options for disabled daemons to a higher level of logging. o Several code audits were performed. One audit replaced string rou- tines that were used without bound checking, and another one to iden- tify and disable places where format strings were used in an unsafe way, allowing arbitrary data entered by (possibly) malicious users to overwrite application code, and leading from Denial of Service at- tacks to compromised system. System administration and user tools o Conversion of the rc(8) system startup and shutdown scripts to an `rc.d' mechanism, with separate control scripts for each service, and appropriate dependency ordering provided by rcorder(8). o postfix(1) provided as alternative mail transport agent to sendmail(8). o User management tools useradd(8), usermod(8), userdel(8), groupadd(8), groupmod(8), and groupdel(8) added to the system. o Incorporation of a login class capability database (/etc/login.conf) from BSD/OS. o Improved support for usernames longer than eight characters in pro- grams such as at(1) and w(1). o Many enhancements to ftpd(8) providing features found in larger and less secure FTP daemons, such as user classes, connection limits, im- proved support for virtual hosting, transfer statistics, transfer rate throttling, and support for various IETF ftpext working group extensions. o The ftp(1) client has been improved even further, including transfer rate throttling, improved URL support, command line uploads. See the man page for details. Miscellaneous o Updates to the NetBSD source code style code (located in /usr/share/misc/style) to use ANSI C only (instead of K&R) and re- flect current (best) practice, and begin migrating the NetBSD source code to follow it. o Implementation of many SUSv2 features to the curses(3) library, in- cluding support for color. o Updates of most third party packages that are shipped in the base system, including file(1), ipfilter(4), ppp(4), and sendmail(8) to the latest stable release. o Many new packages in the pkgsrc system, including standard desktops like KDE and GNOME as well as latest Tcl/Tk and perl and many of the components of the Java Enterprise platform. The package framework itself now has full wildcard dependency support. As has been noted, there have also been innumerable bug fixes. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. This is the fifth major release of NetBSD for the mvme68k series of boards. The Future of NetBSD The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of com- puter software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: o providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. o providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. o providing a better position from which to undertake promotional ac- tivities. o periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambi- tion is to provide a full release every six to eight months. We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources sub- mit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the us- ability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/net.html. NetBSD 1.5 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 1.5 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-1.5/ CHANGES Changes since earlier NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 1.5 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD 's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). patches/ Post-release source code patches. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one di- rectory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 1.5 has a binary distribution. There are also README.export- control files sprinkled liberally throughout the distribution tree, which point out that there are some portions of the distribution that may be subject to export regulations of the United States, e.g. code under src/crypto and src/sys/crypto. It is your responsibility to determine whether or not it is legal for you to export these portions and to act accordingly. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 22.3 MB gzipped, 98.8 MB uncompressed pkgsrc This set contains the ``pkgsrc'' sources, which contain the in- frastructure to build third-party packages. 5.6 MB gzipped, 57.0 MB uncompressed sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program, the sources for the typesettable document set, the dictionaries, and more. 3.3 MB gzipped, 13.2 MB uncompressed src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 1.5 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. 24.2 MB gzipped, 120.6 MB uncompressed syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 1.5 kernel for all architectures, config(8), and dbsym(8). 17.6 MB gzipped, 88.6 MB uncompressed xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. 35.2 MB gzipped, 176.8 MB uncompressed All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. They may be un- packed into /usr/src with the command: # ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) < set_name.tgz The sets/Split/ subdirectory contains split versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The split sets are named set_name.xx where set_name is the distribution set name, and xx is the sequence number of the file, starting with ``aa'' for the first file in the distribution set, then ``ab'' for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that distri- bution set.) The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with cat as fol- lows: # cat set_name.?? | ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: BSDSUM Historic BSD checksums for the various files in that di- rectory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 1 file CKSUM POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum file. MD5 MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -m file. SYSVSUM Historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o -2 file. The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest pos- sible range of system can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/mvme68k subdirectory structure The mvme68k-specific portion of the NetBSD 1.5 release is found in the mvme68k subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-1.5/mvme68k/ INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd.GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. netbsd.VME147.gz A kernel for MVME147 boards. netbsd.VME162.gz A kernel for MVME162-LX boards. netbsd.VME167.gz A kernel for MVME167 boards. sets/ mvme68k binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ miniroot/ mvme68k miniroot file system image; see below. netboot/ Two programs needed to boot mvme68k kernels over the network; see below. tapeimage/ Tape boot programs, and a RAMDISK kernel; see below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD mvme68k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 1.5 release for the mvme68k. There are eight binary distribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in the mvme68k/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.5 distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 1.5 mvme68k base binary distribution. You must in- stall this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utili- ties that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. 15.5 MB gzipped, 41.2 MB uncompressed comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system li- braries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. 11.8 MB gzipped, 39.5 MB uncompressed etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. (If you are upgrading, it's recommended that you get a copy of this set and carefully upgrade your configuration files by hand.) 0.1 MB gzipped, 0.6 MB uncompressed games This set includes the games and their manual pages. 3.0 MB gzipped, 7.4 MB uncompressed kern This set contains a NetBSD/mvme68k 1.5 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. 0.7 MB gzipped, 1.4 MB uncompressed man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. 5.0 MB gzipped, 19.9 MB uncompressed misc This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share. 2.6 MB gzipped, 10.1 MB uncompressed text This set includes NetBSD 's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. 1.3 MB gzipped, 4.7 MB uncompressed NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. They are currently equivalent to XFree86 3.3.6. Binary sets for the X Window system are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. 2.6 MB gzipped, 8.2 MB uncompressed xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. 1.7 MB gzipped, 7.2 MB uncompressed xcontrib Programs that were contributed to X. 0.2 MB gzipped, 0.7 MB uncompressed xfont Fonts needed by X. 6.2 MB gzipped, 7.5 MB uncompressed The mvme68k binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the files are /-relative and therefore are extracted below the current directory. That is, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xpf command from /. The following are included in the mvme68k/installation directory: miniroot/ miniroot.gz A copy of the miniroot file system. This filesystem image is copied into the swap parti- tion of the disk which you intend to boot NetBSD from. Normally, this step will be performed manu- ally from the ramdisk boot environment. netboot/ sboot An MVME147 bootstrap program in Motorola S-Record for- mat. This is required when you wish to boot an MVME147 over the network since the ROM has no built-in network support. Instructions for getting this program into memory are discussed later. netboot A standalone 2nd stage bootstrap program loaded over the network via TFTP. This is responsible for fetch- ing and starting the NetBSD mvme68k kernel from an NFS server. tapeimage/ stboot This file contains a boot sector for Motorola MVME boards. It must be the first file written to a tape in order to make the tape bootable. bootst This file contains a bootstrap program which knows how to load the NetBSD mvme68k ramdisk image from tape. This must be the second file written to the tape. netbsd-rd.gz This is the NetBSD mvme68k ramdisk image. It contains a GENERIC kernel and a built in RAMDISK with just enough tools to partition a disk, dump the miniroot kernel to it and make the disk bootable. This must be the third file written to the tape. Note: Each directory in the mvme68k binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/mvme68k System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD/mvme68k 1.5 runs on Motorola MVME147 , MVME162-LX and MVME167 Sin- gle Board Computers. The minimal configuration requires 8 MB of RAM and ~200 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space (approx. 600 MB additional space is necessary for full sources. Double that if you want to recompile it all!). To run X (clients only) or compile the sys- tem, more RAM is recommended. Good performance requires 16 MB of RAM, or 32 MB when running the X Window System. Note that you can install NetBSD 1.5 on a system with only 4 MB of on- board RAM, but you will need to use a VMEbus RAM card with at least an- other 4 MB to augment the onboard memory in order to actually install the system. Here is a table of recommended HD partition sizes for a full install: Partition Suggested Needed / (root) 32 MB 26 MB /usr 200 MB 150 MB /var 32 MB 6 MB swap 2-3 *RAM 16 MB Anything else is up to you! Note that the NetBSD/mvme68k installation procedure uses a miniroot image which is placed into the swap area of the disk. The swap partition must be large enough to hold this miniroot image (> 7.5 MB). Supported VME147 hardware o Serial ports (RS232) - built-in console - ttyZ1 - ttyZ2 - ttyZ3 o Parallel port - On-board centronics style printer port o Network interfaces: - On-board Lance Ethernet (le) o SCSI - Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc - On-board wd33c93 SCSI bus interface chip (async only) o Miscellaneous: - Battery-backed real-time clock - VMEbus RAM cards - Any VMEbus interface cards with Machine Independent drivers Supported VME162-LX hardware o Serial ports (RS232) - built-in console - ttyZ1 - ttyZ2 - ttyZ3 o Network interfaces: - On-board Intel Ethernet (ie) o SCSI - Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc - On-board ncr53c710 SCSI I/O processor chip o Miscellaneous: - Battery-backed real-time clock - VMEbus RAM cards - Any VMEbus interface cards with Machine Independent drivers Supported VME167 hardware o Serial ports (RS232) - built-in console - ttyZ1 - ttyZ2 - ttyZ3 o Parallel port - On-board centronics style printer port o Network interfaces: - On-board Intel Ethernet (ie) o SCSI - Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc - On-board ncr53c710 SCSI I/O Processor chip o Miscellaneous: - Battery-backed real-time clock - VMEbus RAM cards - Any VMEbus interface cards with Machine Independent drivers If it's not on the above lists, there is no support for it in this re- lease. Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Installation is supported from several media types, including: o Tape o NFS o CD-ROM o FTP Note that installing on a `bare' machine requires either a bootable tape drive or an ethernet to a compatible NFS server. MVME147 may also need to be booted over an RS232 connection. The procedure for transferring the distribution sets onto installation media depends on the type of media. Instructions for each type of media are given below. In order to create installation media, you will need all the files and subdirectories in these two directories: .../NetBSD-1.5/mvme68k/installation .../NetBSD-1.5/mvme68k/binary Creating boot/install tapes Installing from tape is the simplest method of all. This method uses two tapes, one containing a bootable ramdisk and miniroot, the other contain- ing the installation sets. The boot tape is created as follows: # cd .../NetBSD-1.5/mvme68k/installation # set T = /dev/nrst0 # mt -f $T rewind # dd if=tapeimage/stboot of=$T # dd if=tapeimage/bootst of=$T obs=8k conv=osync # gzip -dc tapeimage/netbsd-rd.gz | dd of=$T obs=8k conv=osync # gzip -dc miniroot/miniroot.gz | dd of=$T obs=8k conv=osync # mt -f $T rewind The installation set tape is created as follows: # cd .../NetBSD-1.5/mvme68k/binary/sets # set T = /dev/nrst0 # mt -f $T rewind # for f in base etc comp games man misc text; do gzip -d < $f.tgz | dd of=$T bs=8k # done # mt -f $T rewind If the tape does not work as expected, you may need to explicitly set the EOF mark at the end of each tape segment. Consult the tape-related manual pages on the system where the tapes are created for more details. Boot/Install from NFS server If your machine has a disk and network connection, but no tape drive, it may be convenient for you to install NetBSD over the network. This in- volves temporarily booting your machine over NFS, just long enough so you can initialize its disk. This method requires that you have access to an NFS server on your network so you can configure it to support diskless boot for your machine. Configuring the NFS server is normally a task for a system administrator, and is not trivial. If you are using a NetBSD system as the boot-server, have a look at the diskless(8) manual page for guidelines on how to proceed with this. If the server runs another operating system, consult the documentation that came with it (i.e. add_client(8) on SunOS). Booting an MVME147 from ethernet is not possible without first download- ing a small bootstrap program (sboot) via RS232. See the section entitled Installing from NFS for details on how to accomplish this. sboot expects to be able to download a second stage bootstrap program via TFTP after having acquired its IP address through RARP It will look for a filename derived from the machine's IP address expressed in hexadecimal, with an extension of `.147'. For example, an MVME147 with IP address 130.115.144.11 will make an TFTP request for 8273900B.147. Normally, this file is just a symbolic link to the NetBSD/mvme68k netboot program, which should be located in a place where the TFTP daemon can find it (re- member, many TFTP daemons run in a chroot'ed environment). The netboot program may be found in the install directory of this distribution. The MVME162-LX and MVME167 boot ROMs have code builtin to boot over eth- ernet from a TFTP server. You should configure it to download the same netboot program as is used for MVME147. The netboot program will query a bootparamd server to find the NFS server address and path name for its root, and then load a kernel from that lo- cation. The server should have a copy of the netbsd-rd kernel in the root area for your client (no other files are needed in the client root, al- though it might be a convenient place to put the uncompressed miniroot image) and /etc/bootparams on the server should have an entry for your client and its root directory. Note that you should rename the netbsd-rd kernel to just netbsd in the client's root directory before trying to netboot the client. The client will need access to the miniroot image, which can be provided using NFS or remote shell. If using NFS, miniroot.gz should be expanded on the server, because doing so from the RAMDISK shell is not so easy. The unzipped miniroot takes about 7.5 MB of space. If you will be installing NetBSD on several clients, it may be useful to know that you can use a single NFS root for all the clients as long as they only use the netbsd-rd kernel. There will be no conflict between clients because the RAM-disk kernel will not use the NFS root. No swap file is needed; the RAM-disk kernel does not use that either. Install/Upgrade from CD-ROM This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e. tape or net- work, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files provided on the CD-ROM. Once you have booted netbsd-rd (the RAMDISK kernel) and loaded the miniroot, you can load any of the distribution sets directly from the CD-ROM. The install program in the miniroot automates the work required to mount the CD-ROM and extract the files. Install/Upgrade via FTP This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e. tape or net- work, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files in .../install (which you get via FTP). Once you have booted netbsd-rd (the RAM-disk kernel) and loaded the miniroot, you can load any of the distribution sets over the net using FTP. The install program in the miniroot automates the work required to configure the net- work interface and transfer the files. This method, of course, requires network access to an FTP server. This might be a local system, or it might even be ftp.netbsd.org itself. If you wish to use ftp.netbsd.org as your FTP file server, you may want to keep the following information handy: No IP Address: ftp.netbsd.org Login: anonymous Password: Server path: /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.5/mvme68k/binary Note: If you're not using a nameserver duing installation, you might find 204.152.184.75 handy; it's the IP address of ftp.netbsd.org as of October, 2000. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation mvme68k machines usually need little or no preparation before installing NetBSD, other than the usual, well advised precaution of backing up all data on any attached storage devices. The exception to the above is that MVME162-LX and MVME167 boards require a jumper to be removed before NetBSD can be installed. On MVME162-LX pins 1-2 of jumper J11 must be removed. On MVME167 pins 1-2 of jumper J1 must be removed. Once you've made any necessary jumper changes, the following instructions should make your machine ``NetBSD Ready''. Power-up your MVME147 board. You should have the bug prompt: COLD Start Onboard RAM start = $00000000, stop = $007FFFFF 147-Bug> Or, if you have an MVME162-LX or MVME167 board (the following boot mes- sage is from MVME167; MVME162-LX is similar): MVME167 Debugger/Diagnostics Release Version 2.3 - 02/25/94 COLD Start Local Memory Found =02000000 (&33554432) MPU Clock Speed =33Mhz 167-Bug> Make sure the RAM size looks ok (if you've got an 8 MB MVME147 or a 32 MB MVME167 you should have the same value as we do). Also make sure the clock is ticking: 1xx-Bug>time Sunday 12/21/31 16:25:14 1xx-Bug>time Sunday 12/21/31 16:25:15 1xx-Bug> Note that NetBSD bases its year at 1968, and adds the year offset in the system's real-time clock to get the current year. So the 31 here equates to 1999. You may have to adjust your clock using the set command to com- ply with NetBSD 's requirements. Don't worry if the `Day of the week' is not correct, as NetBSD doesn't use it. Motorola has acknowledged a year 2000 bug in some versions of the MVME147 whereby the day of the week doesn't get set correctly by the 147Bug PROM. It does not affect NetBSD ! Also make sure that your board's ethernet address is initialised to the correct value. You'll find the address on a label on the inside of the MVME147's front panel, and on the VMEbus P2 connector of the MVME162-LX and MVME167. On the MVME147, enter the last five digits of the address using the lsad command. On the MVME162-LX and MVME167, you should use the cnfg command. To install successfully to a local SCSI disk, you need to ensure that the system is aware of what targets are connected to the SCSI bus. This can be done by issueing the following command: 1xx-Bug> iot;t At this point, Bug will scan for any attached SCSI devices. After a short delay, a list of SCSI devices will be displayed. 147Bug will ask if LUNs should be assigned from SCSI ids, to which you should answer Y. You should also answer Y when asked if the information is to be saved to NVRAM. 16xBug does not prompt for this information. The following installation instructions will assume that your target SCSI disk drive appears at SCSI-ID 0. If you have a tape drive, the instruc- tions assume is is configured for SCSI-ID 5. When the RAMDISK root boots, NetBSD will refer to these devices as sd0 and rst0 respectively. You may wish to note these down; you'll be using them a lot. :-) Installing the NetBSD System Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it should not be too difficult. There are several ways to install NetBSD onto your disk. If your machine has a tape drive the easiest way is Installing from tape (details below). If your machine is on a network with a suitable NFS server, then Installing from NFS is the next best method. Otherwise, if you have an- other mvme68k machine running NetBSD you can initialize the disk on that machine and then move the disk. Installing from tape Create the NetBSD/mvme68k 1.5 boot tape as described in the section enti- tled Preparing a boot tape. Then, with the tape in the drive, type the following at the Bug prompt: 147-Bug> bo 5 16x-Bug> bo 0,50 As mentioned earlier, this assumes your tape is jumpered for SCSI-ID 5. As the tape loads (which may take 20 to 30 seconds), you will see a se- ries of status messages. It may be useful if you can capture these mes- sages to a file, or a scrollable xterm window. In particular, you should make a note of the lines which describe the geometry of the SCSI disks detected by NetBSD. They are of the form: sd0 at scsibus0 targ 0 lun 0: SCSI1 0/direct fixed sd0: 800 MB, 800 cyl, 16 head, 128 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 1638400 sectors The information of most interest is the number of sectors; for the ficti- cious disk above, it's 1638400. You will need this number when you come to create a disklabel for that drive. Here is an example of an MVME147 system booting from tape: RAM address from VMEbus = $00000000 Booting from: VME147, Controller 5, Device 0 Loading: Operating System Volume: NBSD IPL loaded at: $003F0000 >> BSD MVME147 tapeboot 578616+422344+55540+[46032+51284]=0x11a6e4 Start @ 0x8000 ... Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. NetBSD 1.5 (RAMDISK) #1: Sun Oct 29 16:19:04 GMT 2000 steve@fatbob:/usr/src/sys/arch/mvme68k/compile/RAMDISK Motorola MVME-147S: 25MHz MC68030 CPU+MMU, MC68882 FPU real mem = 7237632 avail mem = 6381568 using 88 buffers containing 360448 bytes of memory mainbus0 (root) pcc0 at mainbus0: Peripheral Channel Controller, rev 0, vecbase 0x40 clock0 at pcc0 offset 0x0 ipl 5: Mostek MK48T02, 2048 bytes of NVRAM . . Note: The exact text of the messages will vary depending on which mvme68k variant you're using. Finally, you will see the following "welcome" message: Welcome to the NetBSD/mvme68k RAMDISK root! This environment is designed to do only four things: 1: Partititon your disk (use the command: edlabel /dev/rsd0c) 2: Copy a miniroot image into the swap partition (/dev/rsd0b) 3: Make that partition bootable (using 'installboot') 4: Reboot (using the swap partition, i.e. /dev/sd0b). Copying the miniroot can be done several ways, allowing the source of the miniroot image to be on any of these: boot tape, NFS server, TFTP server, rsh server The easiest is loading from tape, which is done as follows: mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 3 dd bs=8k if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b (For help with other methods, please see the install notes.) To reboot using the swap partition after running installboot, first use halt, then at the Bug monitor prompt use a command like: 1x7Bug> bo 0,,b: To view this message again, type: cat /.welcome ssh: You must now create a disklabel on the disk you wish to use for the root file system (/). This will usually be sd0. The disklabel is used by NetBSD to identify the starting block and size of each partition on the disk. Partitions are named sd0a, sd0b, sd0c, etc, up to sd0h. The mvme68k port of NetBSD makes some assumptions about the first three partitions on a boot disk: sd0a The root file system (/). sd0b The swap partition. sd0c The whole disk. Also known as the raw partition. The raw partition is special; NetBSD is able to use it even if the disk has no label. You should never create a file system on the Raw Partition, even on a non-boot disk. It is good practice to put /usr on a different partition than / (root, AKA sd0a). So, the first available partition for /usr is sd0d. Refer to the section entitled NetBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices for information on the recommended sizes of the / (root), /usr and swap par- titions. You are not required to define any partitions beyond sd0d, but if you have a large disk drive, you might want to create several other parti- tions for file systems such as /home or /usr/src. Note that at this time you are only required to partition the root/boot disk; you will get the opportunity to partition any other disks in your system from the main miniroot installation program. To create the disklabel and partitions, use the edlabel program, passing it the name of the Raw Partition of your root/boot disk. ssh: edlabel /dev/rsd0c edlabel menu: print - display the current disk label modify - prompt for changes to the label write - write the new label to disk quit - terminate program edlabel> The program shows what commands it recognizes; print, modify, write, and quit. It will accept the first letter of a command if you don't feel like typing each one in full. To start creating the basic partitions, you should enter m (modify) at the edlabel prompt, then enter the letter corresponding to the first partition, a. edlabel> m modify subcommands: @: modify disk parameters a-h: modify partition s: standarize geometry q: quit this subcommand edlabel/modify> a a (root) 0 (0/00/00) 0 (0/00/00) unused start as or : 0 length as or : 65536 type: 4.2BSD edlabel/modify> When you enter the start and length of a partition, you can use either blocks or cylinder/track/sector notation. If this is the first time you've partitioned a disk for NetBSD, it's probably easiest to use block notation. The above example creates partition `a', starting at block zero and with a size of 65536 blocks. Note that the usual size of a block is 512 bytes, so this creates a 32 MB partition. The type of the partition should be 4.2BSD, otherwise you won't be able to create a file system on it. Next, create a swap partition (b). Note that the minimum size of this swap partition should be 8 MB, otherwise you won't be able to use a mini- root to complete the NetBSD installation! edlabel/modify> b b (swap) 0 (0/00/00) 0 (0/00/00) unused start as or : 65536 length as or : 32768 type: swap edlabel/modify> Here, we specify a value for start such that the swap partition follows immediately after partition `a', i.e. 65536. The length of the swap par- tition should be a multiple of the amount of RAM you have in your system. Here, we've chosen 32768, or 16 MB. The next available block on the drive is thus 65536 + 32768. We will use this to create partition `d' for our /usr file system. (Note that for a busy system, or a system with more than 8 MB of RAM, you'll be better off with a 32 or 64 MB swap parti- tion.) edlabel/modify> d d (user) 0 (0/00/00) 0 (0/00/00) unused start as or : 98304 length as or : 1540096 type: 4.2BSD edlabel/modify> q edlabel> As you can see, we've chosen to assign the remainder of the disk to /usr. Since there are 1638400 sectors on the example disk (did you remember to note down the number of sectors on your disk during boot?), and partition d starts at sector 98304, a simple bit of arithmetic (1638400 - 98304) gives d a size of 1540096. Note that the above partition sizes are just guidelines. If your disk is large enough, you should resize the partitions appropriately and perhaps also create a /var partition as well. You now need to write this new disklabel, together with the partition de- tails you've just entered, to disk. You might also try the `p' command to view the partitions. Once written, you can quit back to ssh using `q'. edlabel> p type_num: 4 sub_type: 0 type_name: SCSI disk pack_name: fictitious bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 128 tracks/cylinder: 16 cylinders: 800 sectors/cylinder: 2048 partition start (c/t/s) nblks (c/t/s) type a (root) 0 (0/00/00) 65536 (32/00/00) 4.2BSD b (swap) 65536 (32/00/00) 32768 (48/00/00) swap c (disk) 0 (0/00/00) 1638400 (800/00/00) unused d (user) 98304 (48/00/00) 1540096 (752/00/00) 4.2BSD edlabel> w edlabel> q ssh: Now that your disk's partitioned, you need to get the proper installation miniroot image onto it. The miniroot image is designed to be copied into the swap partition of your disk. This is a safe place which won't be overwritten by the installation procedure. From the ssh prompt, use the following commands to copy the miniroot image from tape to swap (b). ssh: mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind ssh: mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 3 ssh: dd bs=8k if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b The disk and the miniroot must now be made bootable using the installboot(8) command. To do this, issue the following commands: ssh: mount /dev/sd0b /mnt ssh: installboot /mnt/usr/mdec/bootsd /bootxx /dev/rsd0b ssh: umount /dev/sd0b You can now shutdown the system. ssh: halt signal 15 ssh: syncing disks... done unmounting / (root_device)... halted 147-Bug> reset Reset Local SCSI Bus [Y,N] N? y Automatic reset of known SCSI Buses on RESET [Y,N] Automatic0 Cold/Warm Reset flag [C,W] = C? Execute Soft Reset [Y,N] N? y Resetting the MVME162-LX and MVME167 boards are very similar. You should now reboot from that just installed miniroot. See the section entitled Booting the miniroot for details. Installing from NFS Before you can install from NFS, you must have already configured your NFS server to support your machine as a bootable client. Instructions for configuring the server are found in the section entitled Getting the NetBSD System onto Useful Media above. To get started on the MVME147, you need to download sboot into RAM (you will find sboot in the install directory of the mvme68k distribution). You can either do that through the console line or through a 2nd serial connection. For example, an MVME147 connected to a sun4/110 and accessed via tip(1) can be loaded as follows: lo 0 ~Ccat sboot go 4000 Which will look like this: 147-Bug> lo 0 ~CLocal command? cat sboot away for 11 seconds ! 147-Bug> g 4000 Effective address: 00004000 sboot: serial line bootstrap program (end = 6018) >>> Now, if you want to do it through serial line 1, then connect serial line one to a machine. At the 147-Bug> prompt type tm 1 You should then login to the machine it is connected to. Then press CONTROL-A to escape to Bug. do lo 1;x=cat sboot ... then when that is done you can reconnect tm 1 and logout. Then do go 4000 and you've got the >>> prompt of sboot. Once you've got the >>> prompt, you can boot the RAMDISK kernel from the server: >>> b le0: ethernet address: 8:0:3e:20:cb:87 My ip address is: 192.168.1.4 Server ip address is: 192.168.1.1 4800 Download was a success! See below for the next step in booting MVME147. The MVME162-LX and MVME167 boards are able to download netboot directly using TFTP. To enable this, you must first configure the networking pa- rameters on the board as described in the section entitled "Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation. On a properly configured MVME162-LX or MVME167, all you need to type is: 16x-Bug> nbo For all board types, the boot messages are very similar: Start @ 0x8000 ... >> BSD MVME147 netboot (via sboot) device: le0 attached to 08:00:3e:20:cb:87 boot: client IP address: 192.168.1.4 boot: client name: soapy root addr=192.168.1.1 path=/export/soapy 578616+422344+55540+[46032+51284]=0x11a6e4 Start @ 0x8000 ... Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. NetBSD 1.5 (RAMDISK) #1: Sun Oct 29 16:19:04 GMT 2000 steve@fatbob:/usr/src/sys/arch/mvme68k/compile/RAMDISK Motorola MVME-147S: 25MHz MC68030 CPU+MMU, MC68882 FPU real mem = 7237632 avail mem = 6381568 using 88 buffers containing 360448 bytes of memory mainbus0 (root) pcc0 at mainbus0: Peripheral Channel Controller, rev 0, vecbase 0x40 clock0 at pcc0 offset 0x0 ipl 5: Mostek MK48T02, 2048 bytes of NVRAM . . After the boot program loads the RAMDISK kernel, you should see the wel- come screen as shown in the "tape boot" section above. You now need to create a disklabel with partition information on the SCSI disk on which you intend to create your root file system (/). Follow the instructions in the previous section entitled Installing from tape to do this. (But stop short of the part which describes how to copy the mini- root from tape.) You must now configure the network interface before you can access the NFS server containing the miniroot image. For example the command: ssh: ifconfig le0 inet 192.168.1.4 up will bring up the MVME147 network interface le0 with that address. The command: ssh: ifconfig ie0 inet 192.168.1.4 up will bring up the MVME162-LX or MVME167 network interface ie0 with that address. The next step is to copy the miniroot from your server. This can be done using either NFS or remote shell. (In the examples that fol- low, the server has IP address 192.168.1.1) You may then need to add a default route if the server is on a different subnet: ssh: route add default 192.168.1.2 1 You can look at the route table using: ssh: route show Now mount the NFS file system containing the miniroot image: ssh: mount -r 192.168.1.1:/export/soapy /mnt The procedure is simpler if you have space for an expanded (not com- pressed) copy of the miniroot image. In that case: ssh: dd bs=8k if=/mnt/miniroot of=/dev/rsd0b Otherwise, you will need to use zcat to expand the miniroot image while copying. This is tricky because the ssh program (small shell) does not handle sh(1) pipeline syntax. Instead, you first run the reader in the background with its input set to /dev/pipe and then run the other program in the foreground with its output to /dev/pipe. The result looks like this: ssh: run -bg dd obs=8k if=/dev/pipe of=/dev/rsd0b ssh: run -o /dev/pipe zcat /mnt/install/miniroot.gz To load the miniroot using rsh to the server, you would use a pair of commands similar to the above. Here is another example: ssh: run -b dd obs=8k if=/dev/pipe of=/dev/rsd0b ssh: run -o /dev/pipe rsh 192.168.1.1 zcat miniroot.gz You must now make the disk bootable. Refer to the previous section on in- stalling from tape, where it describes how to run installboot. This is immediately following the part which explains how to copy the miniroot from tape. Booting the miniroot Assuming the miniroot is installed on partition `b' of the disk with SC- SI-ID 0, then the 147Bug boot command is: 147-Bug> bo 0,,b: The corresponding 162Bug or 167Bug boot command is: 16x-Bug> bo 0,,,b: The command line parameters above are: 0 controller (usually zero) ,, or ,,, bug argument separators b: tell the bootstrap code to boot from partition b You should see a bunch of boot messages, followed by messages from the miniroot kernel just as you did when the RAMDISK kernel booted. You will then be prompted to enter the root device. Since the miniroot was booted from the swap partition, you should enter sd0b. You will then be asked for the swap device and file system type. Just press RETURN twice to accept the defaults. When asked to enter a terminal type, either accept the default, or use whatever the TERM environment variable is set to in the shell of your host system: boot device: sd0 root device (default sd0a): sd0b dump device (default sd0b): (return) file system (default generic): (return) root on sd0b dumps on sd0b mountroot: trying ffs... root file system type: ffs init: copying out path `/sbin/init' 11 erase ^H, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C Terminal type? [vt100] return Congratulations! The system should now be running the miniroot installa- tion program. Miniroot install program: The miniroot's install program is very simple to use. It will guide you through the entire process, and is well automated. Additional improve- ments are planned for future releases. The miniroot's install program will: o Allow you to place disklabels on additional disks. The disk we are installing on should already have been partitioned using the RAMDISK kernel. Note that partition sizes and offsets are expressed in sectors. When you fill out the disklabel, you will need to specify partition types and file system parameters. If you're unsure what these values should be, use the following defaults: fstype: 4.2BSD fsize: 1024 bsize: 4096 cpg: 16 If the partition will be a swap partition, use the following: fstype: swap fsize: 0 (or blank) bsize: 0 (or blank) cpg: 0 (or blank) Note that partition `c' is special; it covers then entire disk and should not be assigned to a file system. The number of partitions is currently fixed at 8. o Create file systems on target partitions. o Allow you to set up your system's network configuration. Remember to specify host names without the domain name appended to the end. For example use foo instead of foo.bar.org. If, during the process of configuring the network interfaces, you make a mistake, you will be able to re-configure that interface by simply selecting it for con- figuration again. o Mount target file systems. You will be given the opportunity to manu- ally edit the resulting /etc/fstab. o Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. o Copy configuration information gathered during the installation pro- cess to your root file system (/). o Make device nodes in your root file system under /dev. o Copy a new kernel onto your root partition (/). o Install a new boot block. o Check your file systems for integrity. First-time installation on a system through a method other than the in- stallation program is possible, but strongly discouraged. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state, with the most important ones described below. 1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf, the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-write. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed. Default values for the various pro- grams can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line doc- umentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use ed, you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to ex or vi. Do the following: # mount /usr # export TERM=vt220 If you have /var on a separate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit /etc/rc.conf with vi(1). When you have finished, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked en- vironment are hostname and possibly defaultroute, furthermore add an ifconfig_int for your interface , along the lines of ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up in- clude /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. There is no initial password, but if you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. Unless you have connected an unusual terminal device as the console you can just press RETURN when it prompts for Terminal type? [...] 3. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system, do not edit /etc/passwd directly. See useradd(8) for more information on how to add a new user to the system. 4. The X Window System If you have installed the X window system, look at the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc for information. Don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries. 5. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system. This automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD, retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the software may depend, and simplifies in- stallation (and deinstallation), both from source and precompiled binaries. o More information on the package system is at http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/software/packages.html o A browsable listing of available packages is at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/ o Package sources for compiling packages can be obtained by re- trieving the file ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD- current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz They are typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other lo- cations work fine), as with the command: # mkdir /usr/pkgsrc; tar -C /usr/pkgsrc -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, then see the README file in the extraction di- rectory (e.g. /usr/pkgsrc/README) for more information. 6. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place (run newaliases(1) afterwards.) o The /etc/mail/sendmail.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted; files aiding in this can be found in /usr/share/sendmail. See the README file there for more infor- mation. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manu- al; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System It is possible to easily upgrade your existing NetBSD/mvme68k system us- ing the upgrade program in the miniroot. If you wish to upgrade your sys- tem by this method, simply select the upgrade option once the miniroot has booted. The upgrade program with then guide you through the proce- dure. The upgrade program will: 1. Enable the network based on your system's current network configura- tion. 2. Mount your existing file systems. 3. Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. 4. Fixup your system's existing /etc/fstab, changing the occurrences of ufs to ffs and let you edit the resulting file. 5. Make new device nodes in your root file system under /dev. 6. Don't forget to extract the kern set from the distribution. Note: The existing kernel will not be backed up; doing so would be pointless, since older kernels may not be capable of running NetBSD 1.5executables. 7. Install a new boot block. 8. Check your file systems for integrity. While using the miniroot's upgrade program is the preferred method of up- grading your system, it is possible to upgrade your system manually. To do this, follow the following procedure: 1. Place at least the base binary set in a file system accessible to the target machine. A local file system is preferred, since the NFS subsystem in the NetBSD 1.5 kernel may be incompatible with your old binaries. 2. Back up your pre-existing kernel and copy the 1.5 kernel into your root partition (/). 3. Reboot with the 1.5 kernel into single-user mode. 4. Check all file systems: # /sbin/fsck -pf 5. Mount all local file systems: # /sbin/mount -a -t nonfs 6. If you keep /usr or /usr/share on an NFS server, you will want to mount those file systems as well. To do this, you will need to en- able the network: # sh /etc/rc.d/network start 7. Make sure you are in the root file system (/) and extract the base binary set: # cd / # pax -zrvpe -f /path/to/base.tgz 8. Install a new boot block: # cd /usr/mdec # cp bootsd /.bootsd # ./installboot /.bootsd bootxx < root-disk E.g.: root-disk could be /dev/rsd0a. 9. Sync the file systems: # sync 10. At this point you may extract any other binary sets you may have placed on local file systems, or you may wish to extract additional sets at a later time. To extract these sets, use the following com- mands: # cd / # pax -zrvpe -f path_to_set Note: You should not extract the etc set if upgrading. Instead, you should extract that set into another area and carefully merge the changes by hand. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 1.5. General issues o /etc/rc modified to use /etc/rc.d/* In previous releases of NetBSD, /etc/rc was a traditional BSD style monolithic file. As of NetBSD 1.5, each discrete program or substem from /etc/rc and /etc/netstart has been moved into separate scripts in /etc/rc.d/. At system startup, /etc/rc uses rcorder(8) to build a dependency list of the files in /etc/rc.d and then executes each script in turn with an argument of `start'. Many rc.d scripts won't start unless the ap- propriate rc.conf(5) entry in /etc/rc.conf is set to `YES.' At system shutdown, /etc/rc.shutdown uses rcorder(8) to build a de- pendency list of the files in /etc/rc.d that have a ``KEYWORD: shutdown'' line, reverses the resulting list, and then executes each script in turn with an argument of `stop'. The following scripts support a specific shutdown method: cron, inetd, local, and xdm. Local and third-party scripts may be installed into /etc/rc.d as nec- essary. Refer to the other scripts in that directory and rc(8) for more information on implementing rc.d scripts. Issues affecting an upgrading from NetBSD 1.4 or later o named(8) leaks version information Previous releases of NetBSD disabled a feature of named(8) where the version number of the server could be determined by remote clients. This feature has not been disabled in NetBSD 1.5, because there is a named.conf(5) option to change the version string: option { version "newstring"; }; o sysctl(8) pathname changed sysctl(8) is moved from /usr/sbin/sysctl to /sbin/sysctl. If you have hardcoded references to the full pathname (in shell scripts, for example) please be sure to update those. o sendmail(8) configuration file pathname changed Due to sendmail(8) upgrade from 8.9.x to 8.10.x, /etc/sendmail.cf is moved to /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. Also, the default sendmail.cf(5) refers different pathnames than before. For example, /etc/aliases is now located at /etc/mail/aliases, /etc/sendmail.cw is now called /etc/mail/local-host-names, and so forth. If you have customized sendmail.cf(5) and friends, you will need to move the files to the new locations. See /usr/share/sendmail/README for more information. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropros(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is op- tional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@netbsd.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd- comments@netbsd.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports in- clude lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@netbsd.org. Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.netbsd.org/MailingLists/. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed be- low). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-help@netbsd.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o Also, our thanks go to: Mike Hibler Rick Macklem Jan-Simon Pendry Chris Torek for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work they've done. o UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and for a long time provided the primary FTP site for NetBSD. o Vixie Enterprises for hosting the NetBSD FTP, SUP, and WWW servers. o Redback Networks, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD mail and GNATS server. o The Helsinki University of Technology in Finland for hosting the NetBSD CVS server. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The many organisations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net has been maintaining the 386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be recognized for it. o The following individuals and organizations (each in alphabetical or- der) have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to sup- port NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it: Steve Allen Jason Birnschein Mason Loring Bliss Jason Brazile Mark Brinicombe David Brownlee Simon Burge Dave Burgess Ralph Campbell Brian Carlstrom James Chacon Bill Coldwell Charles Conn Tom Coulter Charles D. Cranor Christopher G. Demetriou Scott Ellis Hubert Feyrer Castor Fu Greg Gingerich William Gnadt Michael Graff Guenther Grau Ross Harvey Charles M. Hannum Michael L. Hitch Kenneth Alan Hornstein Jordan K. Hubbard Soren Jorvang Scott Kaplan Noah M. Keiserman Harald Koerfgen John Kohl Chris Legrow Ted Lemon Norman R. McBride Neil J. McRae Perry E. Metzger Toru Nishimura Herb Peyerl Mike Price Dave Rand Michael Richardson Heiko W. Rupp Brad Salai Chuck Silvers Thor Lancelot Simon Bill Sommerfeld Paul Southworth Eric and Rosemary Spahr Ted Spradley Kimmo Suominen Jason R. Thorpe Steve Wadlow Krister Walfridsson Jim Wise Christos Zoulas AboveNet Communications, Inc. Advanced System Products, Inc. Avalon Computer Systems Bay Area Internet Solutions Brains Corporation, Japan Canada Connect Corporation Co-operative Research Centre for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology Demon Internet, UK Digital Equipment Corporation Distributed Processing Technology Easynet, UK Free Hardware Foundation Innovation Development Enterprises of America Internet Software Consortium MS Macro System GmbH, Germany Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility, NASA Ames Research Center Piermont Information Systems Inc. Salient Systems Inc. VMC Harald Frank, Germany Warped Communications, Inc. Whitecross Database Systems Ltd. (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!) We are... (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: Alistair Crooks agc@netbsd.org Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org Luke Mewburn lukem@netbsd.org Christos Zoulas christos@netbsd.org The portmasters (and their ports): Mark Brinicombe mark@netbsd.org arm32 Jeremy Cooper jeremy@netbsd.org sun3x Ross Harvey ross@netbsd.org alpha Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org sh3 Ben Harris bjh21@netbsd.org arm26 Eduardo Horvath eeh@netbsd.org sparc64 Darrin Jewell dbj@netbsd.org next68k Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org cobalt Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org sgimips Wayne Knowles wdk@netbsd.org mipsco Paul Kranenburg pk@netbsd.org sparc Anders Magnusson ragge@netbsd.org vax Minoura Makoto minoura@netbsd.org x68k Phil Nelson phil@netbsd.org pc532 Tohru Nishimura nisimura@netbsd.org luna68k NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@netbsd.org prep Scott Reynolds scottr@netbsd.org mac68k Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@netbsd.org bebox Noriyuki Soda soda@netbsd.org arc Wolfgang Solfrank ws@netbsd.org ofppc Ignatios Souvatzis is@netbsd.org amiga Jonathan Stone jonathan@netbsd.org pmax Shin Takemura takemura@netbsd.org hpcmips Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org alpha Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org hp300 Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org macppc Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org newsmips Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@netbsd.org news68k Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org i386 Leo Weppelman leo@netbsd.org atari Nathan Williams nathanw@netbsd.org sun3 Steve Woodford scw@netbsd.org mvme68k The NetBSD 1.5 Release Engineering team: Chris G. Demetriou cgd@netbsd.org Havard Eidnes he@netbsd.org Ted Lemon mellon@netbsd.org John Hawkinson jhawk@netbsd.org Perry Metzger perry@netbsd.org Curt Sampson cjs@netbsd.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org Todd Vierling tv@netbsd.org Developers and other contributors: Steve Allen wormey@netbsd.org Julian Assange proff@netbsd.org Lennart Augustsson augustss@netbsd.org Christoph Badura bad@netbsd.org Robert V. Baron rvb@netbsd.org Erik Berls cyber@netbsd.org John Birrell jb@netbsd.org Mason Loring Bliss mason@netbsd.org Manuel Bouyer bouyer@netbsd.org John Brezak brezak@netbsd.org Allen Briggs briggs@netbsd.org Aaron Brown abrown@netbsd.org David Brownlee abs@netbsd.org Frederick Bruckman fredb@netbsd.org Jon Buller jonb@netbsd.org Simon Burge simonb@netbsd.org Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net Robert Byrnes byrnes@netbsd.org D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@netbsd.org Dave Carrel carrel@netbsd.org James Chacon jmc@netbsd.org Bill Coldwell billc@netbsd.org Julian Coleman jdc@netbsd.org Chuck Cranor chuck@netbsd.org Aidan Cully aidan@netbsd.org Johan Danielsson joda@netbsd.org Matt DeBergalis deberg@netbsd.org Rob Deker deker@netbsd.org Chris G. Demetriou cgd@netbsd.org Jaromir Dolecek jdolecek@netbsd.org Andy Doran ad@netbsd.org Roland Dowdeswell elric@netbsd.org Matthias Drochner drochner@netbsd.org Jun Ebihara jun@netbsd.org Havard Eidnes he@netbsd.org Enami Tsugutomo enami@netbsd.org Bernd Ernesti veego@netbsd.org Erik Fair fair@netbsd.org Hubert Feyrer hubertf@netbsd.org Thorsten Frueauf frueauf@netbsd.org Castor Fu castor@netbsd.org Ichiro Fukuhara ichiro@netbsd.org Brian R. Gaeke brg@dgate.org Thomas Gerner thomas@netbsd.org Simon J. Gerraty sjg@netbsd.org Justin Gibbs gibbs@netbsd.org Adam Glass glass@netbsd.org Michael Graff explorer@netbsd.org Brad Grantham grantham@tenon.com Brian C. Grayson bgrayson@netbsd.org Matthew Green mrg@netbsd.org Juergen Hannken-Illjes hannken@netbsd.org Charles M. Hannum mycroft@netbsd.org Eric Haszlakiewicz erh@netbsd.org John Hawkinson jhawk@netbsd.org HAYAKAWA Koichi haya@netbsd.org Rene Hexel rh@netbsd.org Michael L. Hitch mhitch@netbsd.org Christian E. Hopps chopps@netbsd.org Ken Hornstein kenh@netbsd.org Marc Horowitz marc@netbsd.org Nick Hudson skrll@netbsd.org Martin Husemann martin@netbsd.org Dean Huxley dean@netbsd.org Bernardo Innocenti bernie@netbsd.org ITOH Yasufumi itohy@netbsd.org IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@netbsd.org Matthew Jacob mjacob@netbsd.org Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj lonhyn@netbsd.org Chris Jones cjones@netbsd.org Takahiro Kambe taca@netbsd.org Antti Kantee pooka@netbsd.org Lawrence Kesteloot kesteloo@cs.unc.edu Thomas Klausner wiz@netbsd.org Klaus Klein kleink@netbsd.org Wayne Knowles wdk@netbsd.org John Kohl jtk@netbsd.org Kevin Lahey kml@netbsd.org Johnny C. Lam jlam@netbsd.org Martin J. Laubach mjl@netbsd.org Ted Lemon mellon@netbsd.org Joel Lindholm joel@netbsd.org Mike Long mikel@netbsd.org Warner Losh imp@netbsd.org Federico Lupi federico@netbsd.org Brett Lymn blymn@netbsd.org Paul Mackerras paulus@netbsd.org David Maxwell david@netbsd.org Dan McMahill dmcmahill@netbsd.org Gregory McGarry gmcgarry@netbsd.org Neil J. McRae neil@netbsd.org Perry Metzger perry@netbsd.org der Mouse mouse@netbsd.org Joseph Myers jsm@netbsd.org Ken Nakata kenn@netbsd.org Bob Nestor rnestor@netbsd.org NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@netbsd.org Masaru Oki oki@netbsd.org Atsushi Onoe onoe@netbsd.org Greg Oster oster@netbsd.org Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@netbsd.org Matthias Pfaller matthias@netbsd.org Dante Profeta dante@netbsd.org Chris Provenzano proven@netbsd.org Waldi Ravens waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net Darren Reed darrenr@netbsd.org Michael Richardson mcr@netbsd.org Tim Rightnour garbled@netbsd.org Gordon Ross gwr@netbsd.org Heiko W. Rupp hwr@netbsd.org SAITOH Masanobu msaitoh@netbsd.org Curt Sampson cjs@netbsd.org Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@netbsd.org Ty Sarna tsarna@netbsd.org SATO Kazumi sato@netbsd.org Matthias Scheler tron@netbsd.org Karl Schilke (rAT) rat@netbsd.org Konrad Schroder perseant@netbsd.org Reed Shadgett dent@netbsd.org Tim Shepard shep@netbsd.org Takao Shinohara shin@netbsd.org Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@netbsd.org Chuck Silvers chs@netbsd.org Thor Lancelot Simon tls@netbsd.org Jeff Smith jeffs@netbsd.org Bill Sommerfeld sommerfeld@netbsd.org Bill Squier groo@netbsd.org Bill Studenmund wrstuden@netbsd.org Kevin Sullivan sullivan@netbsd.org SUNAGAWA Keiki kei@netbsd.org Kimmo Suominen kim@netbsd.org Matt Thomas matt@netbsd.org Christoph Toshok toshok@netbsd.org UCHIYAMA Yasushi uch@netbsd.org Shuichiro URATA ur@netbsd.org Todd Vierling tv@netbsd.org Aymeric Vincent aymeric@netbsd.org Paul Vixie vixie@netbsd.org Krister Walfridsson kristerw@netbsd.org Lex Wennmacher wennmach@netbsd.org Assar Westerlund assar@netbsd.org Todd Whitesel toddpw@netbsd.org Rob Windsor windsor@netbsd.org Dan Winship danw@netbsd.org Jim Wise jwise@netbsd.org Michael Wolfson mbw@netbsd.org Colin Wood ender@netbsd.org Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles Han- num. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Alistair G. Crooks. This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and Roger Hardiman. This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Bill Paul. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Wash- ington University. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the Uni- versity of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Chris Provenzano. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas. This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Wep- pelman. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross. This product includes software developed by Hauke Fath. This product includes software developed by HAYAKAWA Koichi. This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. This product includes software developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Iain Hibbert. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Com- munications, http://www.and.com/. This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Manuel Bouyer. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe. This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson. This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller. This product includes software developed by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roland C. Dowdeswell. This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by SigmaSoft, Th. Lockert. This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt and John Brezak. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura for the NetB- SD Project. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the University of Calgary De- partment of Computer Science and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project. This product includes software developed for the Internet Software Con- sortium by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthieu Herrb. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, C Stone and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@min- com.oz.au). This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/). This product includes software developed by the University of Oregon. This product includes software developed by the University of Southern California and/or Information Sciences Institute. This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc. This product includes software developed by David Jones. This product includes software developed by Steve C. Woodford. NetBSD October 29, 2000 36