INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/atari. DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 1.5 on the atari platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Net- working Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on thirty-one different system architectures featuring twelve dis- tinct families of CPUs, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 1.5 re- lease contains complete binary releases for fifteen different machine types. (The sixteen remaining are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.netbsd.org/) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. Changes Since The Last Release The NetBSD 1.5 release provides numerous significant functional enhance- ments, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many userland enhance- ments. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize over one year of development that went into the NetBSD 1.5 release. Some highlights include: Kernel o Ports to new platforms including: arc, cobalt, hpcmips, news68k, sgimips, and sparc64. o Improved performance and stability of the UVM virtual memory subsys- tem. o Implementation of generic kernel locking code, as well as a restruc- ture and re-tuning of the scheduler, to be used by the future symmet- ric multi-processing (SMP) implementation. o Improved compatibility support for Linux, OSF1, and SVR4 programs. o New compatibility support for Win32 programs. o Support for dynamically loaded ELF kernel modules. o Kernel process tracing using ktruss(1). o Deletion of swap devices using swapctl(8). o Easier hot-pluggability of keyboards and mice using a new wscons de- vice - wsmux. o Improved PCMCIA and Cardbus support, including support for detaching of devices and cards, resulting in better support for notebooks and PDA devices. o Numerous hardware improvements, including areas such as: audio, UD- MA/66 support for ATA drives, USB, and wireless networking. Networking o Addition of IP version 6 (IPv6) and IPsec to the networking stack, from the KAME project. This includes addition of kernel code for IPv6/IPsec, IPv4/v6 dual-stack user applications and supporting li- braries. Due to this, the shlib major version for pcap(3) is incre- mented and you may need to recompile userland tools. The KAME IPv6 part includes results from the unified-ipv6 effort. File system o Significant Fast file system (FFS) performance enhancements via inte- gration of Kirk McKusick's soft updates and trickle sync code. o Support for the Windows NT `NTFS' file system (read-only at this stage). o Support for revision 1 of the Linux `ext2fs' file system. o Enhanced stability and usability of LFS (the BSD log-structured file system). o Various RAIDframe enhancements including: auto-detection of RAID com- ponents and auto-configuration of RAID sets, and the ability to con- figure the root file system (/) on a RAID set. o Support for Microsoft Joliet extensions to the ISO9660 CD file sys- tem. o Improved file system vnode locking mechanisms, thus resolving a source of several panics in the past. o Support for NFS and RPC over IPv6. o Server part of NFS locking (implemented by rpc.lockd(8)) now works. Security o Strong cryptographic libraries and applications integrated, including the AES cipher Rijndael, the OpenSSL library, more complete Kerberos IV and Kerberos V support, and an SSH server and client. o sysctl(3) interfaces to various elements of process and system infor- mation, allowing programs such as ps(1), dmesg(1) and the like to op- erate without recompilation after kernel upgrades, and remove the ne- cessity to run setgid kmem (thus improving system security). o Disable various services by default, and set the default options for disabled daemons to a higher level of logging. o Several code audits were performed. One audit replaced string rou- tines that were used without bound checking, and another one to iden- tify and disable places where format strings were used in an unsafe way, allowing arbitrary data entered by (possibly) malicious users to overwrite application code, and leading from Denial of Service at- tacks to compromised system. System administration and user tools o Conversion of the rc(8) system startup and shutdown scripts to an `rc.d' mechanism, with separate control scripts for each service, and appropriate dependency ordering provided by rcorder(8). o postfix(1) provided as alternative mail transport agent to sendmail(8). o User management tools useradd(8), usermod(8), userdel(8), groupadd(8), groupmod(8), and groupdel(8) added to the system. o Incorporation of a login class capability database (/etc/login.conf) from BSD/OS. o Improved support for usernames longer than eight characters in pro- grams such as at(1) and w(1). o Many enhancements to ftpd(8) providing features found in larger and less secure FTP daemons, such as user classes, connection limits, im- proved support for virtual hosting, transfer statistics, transfer rate throttling, and support for various IETF ftpext working group extensions. o The ftp(1) client has been improved even further, including transfer rate throttling, improved URL support, command line uploads. See the man page for details. Miscellaneous o Updates to the NetBSD source code style code (located in /usr/share/misc/style) to use ANSI C only (instead of K&R) and re- flect current (best) practice, and begin migrating the NetBSD source code to follow it. o Implementation of many SUSv2 features to the curses(3) library, in- cluding support for color. o Updates of most third party packages that are shipped in the base system, including file(1), ipfilter(4), ppp(4), and sendmail(8) to the latest stable release. o Many new packages in the pkgsrc system, including standard desktops like KDE and GNOME as well as latest Tcl/Tk and perl and many of the components of the Java Enterprise platform. The package framework itself now has full wildcard dependency support. As has been noted, there have also been innumerable bug fixes. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. The atari release was imported into NetBSD in in March 1995. The first official release was NetBSD 1.1. About a year later, NetBSD 1.2 was re- leased for the Atari. This release fixed a large number of bugs and made the Atari-port a stable member of the NetBSD family. The saga continued with the NetBSD 1.3 release. In this release, support was added for the Medusa Hades, Riebl ethernet and Falcon IDE support. NetBSD 1.4 was re- leased a couple of years later, and added support for various devices. And now, NetBSD 1.5 is emerging! New port-specific features include: o Support for ESS Technology Solo-1 PCI Soundcard on the Hades. The Future of NetBSD The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of com- puter software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: o providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. o providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. o providing a better position from which to undertake promotional ac- tivities. o periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambi- tion is to provide a full release every six to eight months. We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources sub- mit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the us- ability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. Sources of NetBSD Refer to http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/net.html. NetBSD 1.5 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 1.5 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-1.5/ CHANGES Changes since earlier NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 1.5 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD 's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). patches/ Post-release source code patches. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one di- rectory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 1.5 has a binary distribution. There are also README.export- control files sprinkled liberally throughout the distribution tree, which point out that there are some portions of the distribution that may be subject to export regulations of the United States, e.g. code under src/crypto and src/sys/crypto. It is your responsibility to determine whether or not it is legal for you to export these portions and to act accordingly. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 22.3 MB gzipped, 98.8 MB uncompressed pkgsrc This set contains the ``pkgsrc'' sources, which contain the in- frastructure to build third-party packages. 5.6 MB gzipped, 57.0 MB uncompressed sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program, the sources for the typesettable document set, the dictionaries, and more. 3.3 MB gzipped, 13.2 MB uncompressed src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 1.5 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. 24.2 MB gzipped, 120.6 MB uncompressed syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 1.5 kernel for all architectures, config(8), and dbsym(8). 17.6 MB gzipped, 88.6 MB uncompressed xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window System. 35.2 MB gzipped, 176.8 MB uncompressed All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. They may be un- packed into /usr/src with the command: # ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) < set_name.tgz The sets/Split/ subdirectory contains split versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The split sets are named set_name.xx where set_name is the distribution set name, and xx is the sequence number of the file, starting with ``aa'' for the first file in the distribution set, then ``ab'' for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that distri- bution set.) The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with cat as fol- lows: # cat set_name.?? | ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: BSDSUM Historic BSD checksums for the various files in that di- rectory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 1 file CKSUM POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum file. MD5 MD5 digests for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -m file. SYSVSUM Historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o -2 file. The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest pos- sible range of system can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/atari subdirectory structure The atari-specific portion of the NetBSD 1.5 release is found in the atari subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-1.5/atari/ INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd.GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. sets/ atari binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ floppy/ atari boot and installation floppies; see be- low. misc/ Miscellaneous atari installation utilities; see installation section, below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD atari binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com- prise the NetBSD 1.5 release for the atari. There are eight binary dis- tribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in the atari/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.5 distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 1.5 atari base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally func- tional. It includes shared library support, and excludes every- thing described below. 15.3 MB gzipped, 40.7 MB uncompressed comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system li- braries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. 11.6 MB gzipped, 38.9 MB uncompressed etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. (If you are upgrading, it's recommended that you get a copy of this set and carefully upgrade your configuration files by hand.) 0.1 MB gzipped, 0.6 MB uncompressed games This set includes the games and their manual pages. 3.0 MB gzipped, 7.4 MB uncompressed kern This set contains a NetBSD/atari 1.5 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. 5.0 MB gzipped, 19.9 MB uncompressed misc This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share. 2.6 MB gzipped, 10.1 MB uncompressed text This set includes NetBSD 's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. 1.3 MB gzipped, 4.7 MB uncompressed NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. They are currently equivalent to XFree86 3.3.6. Binary sets for the X Window system are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. 2.6 MB gzipped, 8.4 MB uncompressed 2.6 MB gzipped, 8.2 MB uncompressed xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. 1.7 MB gzipped, 7.2 MB uncompressed xcontrib Programs that were contributed to X. 0.2 MB gzipped, 0.7 MB uncompressed xfont Fonts needed by X. 6.2 MB gzipped, 7.5 MB uncompressed xserver The Xservers and some programs not shared with the other m68k ports. Please consult the X specific section in the atari FAQ as to which server you should use. 5.7 MB gzipped, 14.1 MB uncompressed The atari binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the files are /-relative and therefore are extracted below the current directory. That is, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xpf command from /. Additional kernels to those included in the distribution sets may be found in the atari/binary/kernel subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.5 distribu- tion tree. These kernels are generally named something like netbsd.BOOT.gz or some other suitable name. Please note that these ker- nels are simply gzipped and are not in tar archives. There are three atari floppy images to be found in the atari/installation/floppies subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.5 distribution. One of them is a bootable TOS kernel floppy and the other two are instal- lation floppies. They are described in more detail below. There are gzipped versions of each available, for easier downloading. (The gzipped versions have the .gz extension added to their names.) Bootable Kernel floppy This TOS disk contains the loadbsd and chg_pid programs and a kernel. It is setup so that you can insert it int your floppy drive, and start the programs from GEM. For the TT030 and Falcon, the (720 KB) floppy is named boot.fs and the kernel supplied is BOOT. For the Hades, you need the hades-boot.fs floppy (1.44 MB), the kernel is HADES. Installation floppy: This disk contains a BSD root file system setup to help you in- stall the rest of NetBSD. This includes formatting and mounting your / (root) and /usr partitions and getting ready to extract (and possibly first fetching) the distribution sets. There is enough on this file system to allow you to make a slip connec- tion, configure an ethernet, mount an NFS file system or ftp. You can also load distribution sets from a SCSI tape or from one of your existing GEMDOS partitions. The floppies meant for 720 KB disks are named miniroot.fs.1 and miniroot.fs.2. There is also an image for an 1.44 MB disk: miniroot.fs. There are also TOS utilities in the atari/installation/misc subdirectory, which you will need to get NetBSD/atari up-and-running. o The gzip.ttp program allows you to uncompress .gz images. The usage is: gzip.ttp -d filename.gz o The rawwrite.ttp program allows you to create the installation floppy disks from the files in the atari/floppies directory. o The aptck.ttp program reads the partition tables present on a given disk and tries to interpret then the same way the NetBSD kernel does. If you have a disk on which GEMDOS and NetBSD are to co-exist, It is a good idea to run this before you begin the NetBSD/atari installa- tion just to check that the kernel's view of the partition tables agree with GEMDOS's view. If you have more than 3 partitions defined on a disk you will notice that the NetBSD/atari partition starts one sector after the GEMDOS partition. This is to allow space for the auxilliary root for the 4th and subsequent partitions. o The loadbsd.ttp program loads the NetBSD/atari kernel from TOS (or MiNT, MultiTOS, etc.). Note: Each directory in the atari binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NetBSD/atari System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD/atari 1.5 runs on a TT030, Falcon and Hades. An FPU is not re- quired. The minimum amount of RAM required is 4 MB. On the Hades, only the Tseng PCI VGA cards (ET4000/ET6000/ET6100) are supported in the 1.5 release. When an unsupported video card is present, you can use NetBSD with a serial console only. Here is a table of recommended HD partition sizes for a full install: Partition Suggested + X Needed + X root (/) 25 MB 25 MB 20 MB 20 MB /usr 245 MB 270 MB 120 MB 145 MB /var 20 MB 20 MB 5 MB 5 MB swap 2*RAM below 32 MB, then up to you Anything else is up to you! In addition of the rule of thumb for the swap size mentioned below, you probably want to make sure that the size of the swap partition does not drop below 20 MB (30 MB for systems with X). Another item is the add-on packages. You might want 20-30M (or more) in /usr/local (or added to /usr) to store packages from the NetBSD package system. As you may note the recommended size of /usr is 125 MB greater than needed. This is to leave room for a kernel source and compile tree as you will probably want to compile your own kernel. (GENERIC is large and bulky to accommodate all people, BOOT is small and might not have all the features you want). Supported devices o The builtin SCSI host adapter - Should support most SCSI-drives. - Should support most tape drives. - Should support most CD-ROM drives. - Should support most ZIP/M-O drives. o The builtin video controller o The builtin (720 KB / 1.44 MB) floppy drive o The serial2/modem2 ports o The Falcon FX memory expansion o The Atari mouse o A 3-button mouse (see build description in the FAQ!) o The parallel printer o IDE interface on both Falcon and Hades (includes ATAPI support) o The serial interface on the first 68901 UART (modem1) o VME-bus devices (TT030/Hades) - BVME410 ethernet - Circad Leonardo 24-bit VME graphics adapter - Crazy Dots VME et4000 graphics adapter - Riebl (and possibly PAM) ethernet cards on the VME bus. o PCI-bus devices (Hades only) - ET4000/ET6000/ET6100-PCI (VGA console) - ESS Technology Inc. Solo-1 Soundcard o ISA-bus devices (Hades only) - Teles S0/16.3-ISA ISDN adapter (with I4B) This list is incomplete by definition. We can not test all SCSI peripher- als, ISA cards or PCI cards. If you have problems with such a peripheral, please contact the port-atari@netbsd.org mailing list. Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Installation is supported from several media types, including: o GEMDOS/TOS HD partitions o Tape No matter what you do, however, you'll need to have three disks handy, on which you will put the install and boot floppy images. All the images are available from the directory installation/floppies un- der the root of the NetBSD/atari tree at your favorite archive site. If you are using NetBSD/atari to make the floppies, you should use the command dd(1) to write the raw floppy images (.fs files) to the disk. As an example, to write the first part of the miniroot file system onto a 720 KB floppy in fd0 use: # dd if=miniroot.fs.1 of=/dev/rfd0b bs=9b If you are using TOS to make the floppies, grab the rawwrite utility from the atari/utils directory and issue the command: rawwrite boot.fs This will create the boot-floppy on the floppy in drive a. The floppies should be pre-formatted on 720 KB / 1.44 MB for both the dd and rawwrite commands to work. Pre-formatting can be best done using the desktop for- mat command. Some other utilities seem to be giving problems. Since the 1.3 release, it is also possible to use HD-floppies. You should than use the floppy device /dev/rfd0c or add the -H flag to rawwrite. The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation de- pend on which method of installation you choose. The various methods are explained below. GEMDOS To install NetBSD from a GEMDOS partition, you need to get the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install on your system on to a GEMDOS partition. Note where you placed the files, you will need this later. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the installation process, preparing your hard disk. Tape To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to somehow get the NetBSD filesets you wish to install on your system on to the appropriate kind of tape. If you make the tape on a UNIX-like system, you can create it as follows: # cd .../NetBSD-1.5/atari/binary/sets # T= # mt -f $T rewind # for f in base etc comp games man misc text dd if=$f.tgz of=$T conv=sync bs=5k # done # mt -f $T rewind where ``'' is the name of the (non-rewinding!) tape device that you're using (probably something like /dev/nrst0, but we make no guarantees 8-). If you can't figure it out, ask your system administrator. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the installation process, preparing your hard disk. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Note you will be modifying your HD's if you mess something up here you could lose everything on all the drives that you work with. It is there- fore advised that you: o Write down your current configurations. Do this by writing down all partition info (especially their sizes). o Back up the partitions you are keeping. If NetBSD has to share the disk with another operating system, you can either take care of partitioning your harddisk before installing NetBSD or delay this until the installer requests you to do it. If you decide to do it now, please create space for at least / (root), swap and /usr par- titions and possibly at least one more for /local if you have the space. Whatever you decide, take note of the paragraphs below! You need this info to create bootable disks. Warning: The AHDI partioning function erases all partions on your hard- disk even if they are not changed! We know this is rather stupid, but don't say we didn't warn you. If you want to use an AHDI partitioning scheme and you want to be able to boot directly into NetBSD, there are some constraints on the partition layout. As you might know; every hard disk has a `root sector' that contains in- formation about the size of the hard disk and the partitions on the hard disk. The root sector can only contain the neccessary data for four par- titions. Nobody thought that this limitation would cause any problems. After all, 640 KByte should be enough. As hard disk grew, it was necces- sary to define more than four partitions. In order to be more or less compatible with the old format, a new type of partition entry was de- fined: XGM partions. An XGM partition is a `look over there' sign: Another root sector can be found at the start of the XGM partition. This root sector contains the remaining real partitions. And this is the big mystery: Partitions de- fined in the root sector of the hard disk are called `primary partitions', partitions defined in the root sector of an XGM partition are called `extended partitions'. The bootblock will only work if the first NBD partition is a primary par- tition. This is not a limitation of NetBSD but a limitation of TOS/AHDI: You can only boot from primary partitions. If you are creating your partitions with HDX, you'll have to be very careful to fulfill this rule. HDX has some very strange ideas when it comes to extended partitions. Fortunately, you can edit this stuff: The ``Edit partition scheme of the unit'' dialog box has a button labelled ``expert''. This button is inactive unless you have defined more than four partitions. Click on it after you have defined the sizes of the partitions. A new dialog box appears on the screen. The left side contains two blocks of partitions: The upper block always contains the first four partitions, the lower block contains the last three partitions. If you have defined less than 7 partitions, some fields of the lower block will contain the string ``unused''. Some of the partitions will be displayed in reverse video: These are the extended partitions. The right side contains six possible ranges for the extended partitions. It is not possible to define your own range, you will have to use one of the schemes offered by HDX. To quote from Ghostbusters: Choose and die. The default scheme used by HDX is the first scheme: Extended partitions start with the second partition and end with the second to last parti- tion. If you have defined 7 partitions, partitions #2 to #5 will be ex- tended partitions, while partitions #1, #6 and #7 will be primary parti- tions. You can move the extended partition range by clicking on one of the but- tons on the right side of the dalog box. Try to find one where your first NetBSD partition is a primary partition. Golden rules: o If the disk contains no GEMDOS partitions, don't use AHDI. Let NetB- SD handle it alone. o If the disk contains one GEMDOS partition, make it partition #1 and start the extended partition range at partition #3. This allows you to boot from both the GEMDOS and the NetBSD partitions. o If the disk contains two GEMDOS partitions, use partitions #1 and #2 for GEMDOS, partition #3 for NetBSD-root. Start the extended parti- tion range with partition #4. o If your disks contains three or more GEMDOS partitions, you are in trouble. Try using partitions #1 and #2 as the first two GEMDOS par- titions. Use partition #3 as the first NetBSD partition. Start the extended partition range with partition #4. Put the other NetBSD ex- tended partition range. Good luck, you'll need it... Installing the NetBSD System Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but, if you have this document in hand and are careful to read and remember the information which is presented to you by the install program, it shouldn't be too much trouble. Before you begin, you must have already prepared your hard disk as de- tailed in the section on preparing your system for install. The following is a walk-through of the steps necessary to get NetBSD in- stalled on your hard disk. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any prompt, but if you do, you'll have to begin again from scratch. 1. Booting the miniroot First you need to get yourself into NetBSD. This can be done in a couple ways, both of which currently require GEMDOS. You need either the bootfloppy provided in the distribution or you can copy the loadbsd.ttp program and kernel to a boot floppy disk (1.44 MB needed) or put them on a TOS partition. Select the loadbsd program and it will ask for parameters, supply: `-b netbsd' (or whatever name you copied the kernel to). You can, of course, also run it from the shell command-line in MiNT: loadbsd -b a:/netbsd You should see the screen clear and some information about your sys- tem as the kernel configures the hardware. Then you will be prompt- ed for a root device. At this time remove the GEMDOS kernel boot floppy from the drive if present and insert the NetBSD install flop- py 1. Now type `md0a' to tell the kernel to load the install file system into RAMdisk. While While the kernel is loading, it will show a `.' for each track loaded. After loading 80 tracks, it will ask you to insert the next floppy. At this time, insert the NetBSD in- stall floppy 2 and press any key. The kernel continous loading an- other 40 tracks before it continues to boot. Note: If you are using 1.44 MB floppies, you should select `md1a' instead of `md0a'. The system should continue to boot. For now ignore WARNING: mes- sages about bad dates in clocks. Eventually you will be be asked to enter the pathname of the shell, just press RETURN. After a short while, you will be asked to select the type of your keyboard. After you have entered a valid response here, the system asks you if you want to install or upgrade your system. Since you are reading the install section, `i' would be the proper response here... 2. Entering the installer The installer starts with a nice welcome mes- sage. Read this message carefully, it also informs you of the risks involved in continuing! If you still want to go on, type `y'. The installer now continues by trying to figure out your disk configura- tion. When it is done, you will be prompted to select a root device from the list of disks it has found. 3. Select your root device You should know at this point that the disks are not numbered according to their SCSI-ID! The NetBSD kernel num- bers the SCSI drives (and other devices on the SCSI bus) sequential- ly as it finds them. The drive with the lowest SCSI-ID will be called sd0, the next one sd1, etc. Where you end up after the se- lection of the root disk depends on the contents of your disk. If it is already partitioned using AHDI, start reading at item 4a, if this disk has no AHDI partitioning but is blank or used by another non- AHDI system, start at item 4b. You are now at the point of no return! The programs in section 4 will modify your harddisk. Type Control-C now if you don't want this. 4. Setting AHDI partition ID's on your root disk (using ahdilabel) Be- cause NetBSD imposes a special ordering in disk partitions it uses for / (root) and swap. And because it wants to guard you against an unwanted demolition of partitions used by other systems, you have to tell it what partitions it is allowed to use. You have to mark the partition you want to use as swap NBS or SWP and the other parti- tions as NBD. Note that all the changes you make to the ID's are reversable as long as you remember the original value. As of NetBSD 1.5 ahdilabel is capable of creating or changing an AHDI com- patible partioning on the disk! In the partition-ID editor, the partitions are shown in the order that AHDI created them. When you leave this editor and continue at item 4b, your changes to the ID's do have consequences to the partition order! They will show up as follows: a - the first NBD partition b - the first NBS partition d (and up) - the rest of the partitions in AHDI order 5. Labeling your root disk (using edlabel) You are now allowed to change the partitioning of your disk. If your disk is already parti- tioned with AHDI, don't change anything unless you are absolutely sure what you are doing! If you are labeling an empty SCSI disk, you can make life easy for yourself by selecting ``standarize geometry''. This allows you to select a ``sectors per track'' and ``tracks/cylinder'' value and have the (fictious) SCSI geometry changed accordingly. So if you select 64 sect/track and 32 tracks/cylinder, each cylinder is exactly 1 MB in size. Well, go ahead and don't forget to save your work before you quit! Note: to make sure that NetBSD can create/mount file systems on the partitions you defined, make sure the ``type'' is entered correctly: 4.2BSD - file systems created by NetBSD MSDOS - file systems shared with GEM 6. Label additional disks Now that your root disk is labeled, you are given the opportunity to label any of the other disks in your sys- tem. The procedure is the same as with your root disk. 7. Setup the fstab Since all disks you want to use with NetBSD are properly labeled, it is time to tell the installer which partition will be associated with the different file systems. As mentioned above, it is wise to make at least a separate / (root) and /usr file system. Depending on what you are planning to do with your system, you might also consider to make a separate /var, /local or /home. When you tell the installer that all of your file systems are speci- fied correctly, it starts creating them for you. 8. Configure your network Currently none of the kernels supplied in the distribution has network support builtin. If you compiled your own kernel, network configuration mostly works. [ Due to space limitia- tions, some of the network commands are not present on the install floppy ] 9. Edit the fstab - again.... Since the network configuration might have lead to additional (nfs) file system entries, you get another chance to modify your fstab. 10. Installing the distribution sets You are finally at the point where some real data will be put on your freshly-made file systems. Select the device type you whish to install from and off you go.... Some notes: o If you want to install from tape, please read the section about how to create such a tape. The tape device name will be nrst0 for the first tape drive, nrst1 for the second, etc. o Install at least the base and etc sets. o If you have to specify a path relative to the mount-point and you need the mount-point itself, enter `.'. o For previous NetBSD users: If you want to install from a GEMDOS file system, you don't need to rename the distribution sets as you may have done in previous versions of NetBSD. 11. Timezone selection and device-node building The isn't much to say about this. Just select the timezone you are in. The installer will make the correct setup on your root file system (/). After the timezone-link is installed, the installer will proceed by creating the device nodes on your root file system under /dev. Be patient, this will take a while... 12. Installing the kernel Because the kernel didn't fit on the install- disks, the installer asks you about the disk your kernel is on. You can specify the floppy with disk fd0, and partition `b' for 720 KB disks and partition `c' for 1.44 MB disks, or one of the hard disk partitions. 13. Installing the bootstrap Finally, the installer ask you if you want to install the bootblock code on your root disk. This is a matter of personal choise and can also be done from a running NetBSD system. See the installboot(8) manual page about how to do this. 14. You did it! Congratulations, you just installed NetBSD successful- ly! If you also installed a bootblock, you only have to reboot your Atari to enter your freshly build system. If you didn't, get back to section 1 (How to boot the miniroot). Just substitute md0a by your NetBSD root disk. Some extra remarks If you don't want to use the bootloader. You could use the following set- up: o Reserve a small GEMDOS partition of about 4 MB. This is enough to put in a few kernels. Put the netbsd kernel into this partition. Also, edit your /etc/fstab to always mount this partition, say as /kernels. Now make a symlink from /netbsd to /kernels/netbsd. This sceme is particulary handy when you want to make your own kernel. When compi- lation is finished, you just copy your kernel to /kernels/netbsd and reboot. It's wise to make sure there is always a `known to work' ker- nel image present. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state, with the most important ones described below. 1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf, the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-write. When the sys- tem asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed. Default values for the various pro- grams can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line doc- umentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use ed, you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to ex or vi. Do the following: # mount /usr # export TERM=vt220 If you have /var on a separate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit /etc/rc.conf with vi(1). When you have finished, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked en- vironment are hostname and possibly defaultroute, furthermore add an ifconfig_int for your interface , along the lines of ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Other files in /etc that may require modification or setting up in- clude /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf, and /etc/wscons.conf. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. There is no initial password, but if you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. Unless you have connected an unusual terminal device as the console you can just press RETURN when it prompts for Terminal type? [...] 3. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system, do not edit /etc/passwd directly. See useradd(8) for more information on how to add a new user to the system. 4. The X Window System If you have installed the X window system, look at the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc for information. Don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries. 5. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system. This automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD, retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the software may depend, and simplifies in- stallation (and deinstallation), both from source and precompiled binaries. o More information on the package system is at http://www.netbsd.org/Documentation/software/packages.html o A browsable listing of available packages is at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/ o Package sources for compiling packages can be obtained by re- trieving the file ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD- current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz They are typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other lo- cations work fine), as with the command: # mkdir /usr/pkgsrc; tar -C /usr/pkgsrc -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, then see the README file in the extraction di- rectory (e.g. /usr/pkgsrc/README) for more information. 6. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place (run newaliases(1) afterwards.) o The /etc/mail/sendmail.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted; files aiding in this can be found in /usr/share/sendmail. See the README file there for more infor- mation. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manu- al; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Before updating, you probably would want to backup your original file systems! The update procedure will not overwrite or remove any files not present in the sets you install. If you've replaced programs present in the dis- tribution, you have to replace them again after you did the update. The etc-set needs special caution. You generally don't want to install this one when upgrading. It is recommended that you get a copy of this set and carefully upgrade your configuration files by hand. 1. Starting the upgrade Ok, let's go. Insert the bootfloppy and follow the `normal' instal- lation procedure until it asks you if you wish to install or up- grade. At this time, select upgrade. You will now be greeted and reminded of the fact that this is a potential dangerous procedure and that you should not upgrade the etc-set. 2. Selecting your root disk When you decide to proceed, you will be prompted to enter your root disk. After you've done this, it will be checked automatically to make sure that the file system is in a sane state before making any modifications. After this is done, you will be asked if you want to configure your network. You can skip this section on NetBSD/atari for now. 3. Editing the fstab You are now allowed to edit your fstab. Normally you don't have to. Note that the upgrade-kit uses it's own copy of the fstab. Whatever you do here *won't* affect your actual fstab. After you are satis- fied with your fstab, the upgrade-kit will check all file systems mentioned in it. When they're ok, they will be mounted. 4. The actual upgrade You will now be asked if your sets are stored on a normally mounted file system. You should answer `y' to this question if you have the sets stored on a file system that was present in the fstab. The ac- tions you should take for the set extraction are pretty logical (we think). You might want to read the notes in section 9 (Installing the distribution sets) of the installation section. 5. Finishing up After you have extracted the sets, the upgrade kit will proceed with setting the timezone and installing the kernel and bootcode. This is all exactly the same as described in the installation section. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 1.5. General issues o /etc/rc modified to use /etc/rc.d/* In previous releases of NetBSD, /etc/rc was a traditional BSD style monolithic file. As of NetBSD 1.5, each discrete program or substem from /etc/rc and /etc/netstart has been moved into separate scripts in /etc/rc.d/. At system startup, /etc/rc uses rcorder(8) to build a dependency list of the files in /etc/rc.d and then executes each script in turn with an argument of `start'. Many rc.d scripts won't start unless the ap- propriate rc.conf(5) entry in /etc/rc.conf is set to `YES.' At system shutdown, /etc/rc.shutdown uses rcorder(8) to build a de- pendency list of the files in /etc/rc.d that have a ``KEYWORD: shutdown'' line, reverses the resulting list, and then executes each script in turn with an argument of `stop'. The following scripts support a specific shutdown method: cron, inetd, local, and xdm. Local and third-party scripts may be installed into /etc/rc.d as nec- essary. Refer to the other scripts in that directory and rc(8) for more information on implementing rc.d scripts. Issues affecting an upgrading from NetBSD 1.4 or later o named(8) leaks version information Previous releases of NetBSD disabled a feature of named(8) where the version number of the server could be determined by remote clients. This feature has not been disabled in NetBSD 1.5, because there is a named.conf(5) option to change the version string: option { version "newstring"; }; o sysctl(8) pathname changed sysctl(8) is moved from /usr/sbin/sysctl to /sbin/sysctl. If you have hardcoded references to the full pathname (in shell scripts, for example) please be sure to update those. o sendmail(8) configuration file pathname changed Due to sendmail(8) upgrade from 8.9.x to 8.10.x, /etc/sendmail.cf is moved to /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. Also, the default sendmail.cf(5) refers different pathnames than before. For example, /etc/aliases is now located at /etc/mail/aliases, /etc/sendmail.cw is now called /etc/mail/local-host-names, and so forth. If you have customized sendmail.cf(5) and friends, you will need to move the files to the new locations. See /usr/share/sendmail/README for more information. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropros(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is op- tional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@netbsd.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd- comments@netbsd.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports in- clude lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@netbsd.org. Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.netbsd.org/MailingLists/. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed be- low). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-help@netbsd.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o Also, our thanks go to: Mike Hibler Rick Macklem Jan-Simon Pendry Chris Torek for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work they've done. o UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and for a long time provided the primary FTP site for NetBSD. o Vixie Enterprises for hosting the NetBSD FTP, SUP, and WWW servers. o Redback Networks, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD mail and GNATS server. o The Helsinki University of Technology in Finland for hosting the NetBSD CVS server. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The many organisations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net has been maintaining the 386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be recognized for it. o The following individuals and organizations (each in alphabetical or- der) have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to sup- port NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it: Steve Allen Jason Birnschein Mason Loring Bliss Jason Brazile Mark Brinicombe David Brownlee Simon Burge Dave Burgess Ralph Campbell Brian Carlstrom James Chacon Bill Coldwell Charles Conn Tom Coulter Charles D. Cranor Christopher G. Demetriou Scott Ellis Hubert Feyrer Castor Fu Greg Gingerich William Gnadt Michael Graff Guenther Grau Ross Harvey Charles M. Hannum Michael L. Hitch Kenneth Alan Hornstein Jordan K. Hubbard Soren Jorvang Scott Kaplan Noah M. Keiserman Harald Koerfgen John Kohl Chris Legrow Ted Lemon Norman R. McBride Neil J. McRae Perry E. Metzger Toru Nishimura Herb Peyerl Mike Price Dave Rand Michael Richardson Heiko W. Rupp Brad Salai Chuck Silvers Thor Lancelot Simon Bill Sommerfeld Paul Southworth Eric and Rosemary Spahr Ted Spradley Kimmo Suominen Jason R. Thorpe Steve Wadlow Krister Walfridsson Jim Wise Christos Zoulas AboveNet Communications, Inc. Advanced System Products, Inc. Avalon Computer Systems Bay Area Internet Solutions Brains Corporation, Japan Canada Connect Corporation Co-operative Research Centre for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology Demon Internet, UK Digital Equipment Corporation Distributed Processing Technology Easynet, UK Free Hardware Foundation Innovation Development Enterprises of America Internet Software Consortium MS Macro System GmbH, Germany Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility, NASA Ames Research Center Piermont Information Systems Inc. Salient Systems Inc. VMC Harald Frank, Germany Warped Communications, Inc. Whitecross Database Systems Ltd. (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!) We are... (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: Alistair Crooks agc@netbsd.org Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org Luke Mewburn lukem@netbsd.org Christos Zoulas christos@netbsd.org The portmasters (and their ports): Mark Brinicombe mark@netbsd.org arm32 Jeremy Cooper jeremy@netbsd.org sun3x Ross Harvey ross@netbsd.org alpha Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@netbsd.org sh3 Ben Harris bjh21@netbsd.org arm26 Eduardo Horvath eeh@netbsd.org sparc64 Darrin Jewell dbj@netbsd.org next68k Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org cobalt Soren Jorvang soren@netbsd.org sgimips Wayne Knowles wdk@netbsd.org mipsco Paul Kranenburg pk@netbsd.org sparc Anders Magnusson ragge@netbsd.org vax Minoura Makoto minoura@netbsd.org x68k Phil Nelson phil@netbsd.org pc532 Tohru Nishimura nisimura@netbsd.org luna68k NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@netbsd.org prep Scott Reynolds scottr@netbsd.org mac68k Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@netbsd.org bebox Noriyuki Soda soda@netbsd.org arc Wolfgang Solfrank ws@netbsd.org ofppc Ignatios Souvatzis is@netbsd.org amiga Jonathan Stone jonathan@netbsd.org pmax Shin Takemura takemura@netbsd.org hpcmips Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org alpha Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org hp300 Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org macppc Tsubai Masanari tsubai@netbsd.org newsmips Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@netbsd.org news68k Frank van der Linden fvdl@netbsd.org i386 Leo Weppelman leo@netbsd.org atari Nathan Williams nathanw@netbsd.org sun3 Steve Woodford scw@netbsd.org mvme68k The NetBSD 1.5 Release Engineering team: Chris G. Demetriou cgd@netbsd.org Havard Eidnes he@netbsd.org Ted Lemon mellon@netbsd.org John Hawkinson jhawk@netbsd.org Perry Metzger perry@netbsd.org Curt Sampson cjs@netbsd.org Jason Thorpe thorpej@netbsd.org Todd Vierling tv@netbsd.org Developers and other contributors: Steve Allen wormey@netbsd.org Julian Assange proff@netbsd.org Lennart Augustsson augustss@netbsd.org Christoph Badura bad@netbsd.org Robert V. Baron rvb@netbsd.org Erik Berls cyber@netbsd.org John Birrell jb@netbsd.org Mason Loring Bliss mason@netbsd.org Manuel Bouyer bouyer@netbsd.org John Brezak brezak@netbsd.org Allen Briggs briggs@netbsd.org Aaron Brown abrown@netbsd.org David Brownlee abs@netbsd.org Frederick Bruckman fredb@netbsd.org Jon Buller jonb@netbsd.org Simon Burge simonb@netbsd.org Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net Robert Byrnes byrnes@netbsd.org D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@netbsd.org Dave Carrel carrel@netbsd.org James Chacon jmc@netbsd.org Bill Coldwell billc@netbsd.org Julian Coleman jdc@netbsd.org Chuck Cranor chuck@netbsd.org Aidan Cully aidan@netbsd.org Johan Danielsson joda@netbsd.org Matt DeBergalis deberg@netbsd.org Rob Deker deker@netbsd.org Chris G. Demetriou cgd@netbsd.org Jaromir Dolecek jdolecek@netbsd.org Andy Doran ad@netbsd.org Roland Dowdeswell elric@netbsd.org Matthias Drochner drochner@netbsd.org Jun Ebihara jun@netbsd.org Havard Eidnes he@netbsd.org Enami Tsugutomo enami@netbsd.org Bernd Ernesti veego@netbsd.org Erik Fair fair@netbsd.org Hubert Feyrer hubertf@netbsd.org Thorsten Frueauf frueauf@netbsd.org Castor Fu castor@netbsd.org Ichiro Fukuhara ichiro@netbsd.org Brian R. Gaeke brg@dgate.org Thomas Gerner thomas@netbsd.org Simon J. Gerraty sjg@netbsd.org Justin Gibbs gibbs@netbsd.org Adam Glass glass@netbsd.org Michael Graff explorer@netbsd.org Brad Grantham grantham@tenon.com Brian C. Grayson bgrayson@netbsd.org Matthew Green mrg@netbsd.org Juergen Hannken-Illjes hannken@netbsd.org Charles M. Hannum mycroft@netbsd.org Eric Haszlakiewicz erh@netbsd.org John Hawkinson jhawk@netbsd.org HAYAKAWA Koichi haya@netbsd.org Rene Hexel rh@netbsd.org Michael L. Hitch mhitch@netbsd.org Christian E. Hopps chopps@netbsd.org Ken Hornstein kenh@netbsd.org Marc Horowitz marc@netbsd.org Nick Hudson skrll@netbsd.org Martin Husemann martin@netbsd.org Dean Huxley dean@netbsd.org Bernardo Innocenti bernie@netbsd.org ITOH Yasufumi itohy@netbsd.org IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@netbsd.org Matthew Jacob mjacob@netbsd.org Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj lonhyn@netbsd.org Chris Jones cjones@netbsd.org Takahiro Kambe taca@netbsd.org Antti Kantee pooka@netbsd.org Lawrence Kesteloot kesteloo@cs.unc.edu Thomas Klausner wiz@netbsd.org Klaus Klein kleink@netbsd.org Wayne Knowles wdk@netbsd.org John Kohl jtk@netbsd.org Kevin Lahey kml@netbsd.org Johnny C. Lam jlam@netbsd.org Martin J. Laubach mjl@netbsd.org Ted Lemon mellon@netbsd.org Joel Lindholm joel@netbsd.org Mike Long mikel@netbsd.org Warner Losh imp@netbsd.org Federico Lupi federico@netbsd.org Brett Lymn blymn@netbsd.org Paul Mackerras paulus@netbsd.org David Maxwell david@netbsd.org Dan McMahill dmcmahill@netbsd.org Gregory McGarry gmcgarry@netbsd.org Neil J. McRae neil@netbsd.org Perry Metzger perry@netbsd.org der Mouse mouse@netbsd.org Joseph Myers jsm@netbsd.org Ken Nakata kenn@netbsd.org Bob Nestor rnestor@netbsd.org NONAKA Kimihiro nonaka@netbsd.org Masaru Oki oki@netbsd.org Atsushi Onoe onoe@netbsd.org Greg Oster oster@netbsd.org Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@netbsd.org Matthias Pfaller matthias@netbsd.org Dante Profeta dante@netbsd.org Chris Provenzano proven@netbsd.org Waldi Ravens waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net Darren Reed darrenr@netbsd.org Michael Richardson mcr@netbsd.org Tim Rightnour garbled@netbsd.org Gordon Ross gwr@netbsd.org Heiko W. Rupp hwr@netbsd.org SAITOH Masanobu msaitoh@netbsd.org Curt Sampson cjs@netbsd.org Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@netbsd.org Ty Sarna tsarna@netbsd.org SATO Kazumi sato@netbsd.org Matthias Scheler tron@netbsd.org Karl Schilke (rAT) rat@netbsd.org Konrad Schroder perseant@netbsd.org Reed Shadgett dent@netbsd.org Tim Shepard shep@netbsd.org Takao Shinohara shin@netbsd.org Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@netbsd.org Chuck Silvers chs@netbsd.org Thor Lancelot Simon tls@netbsd.org Jeff Smith jeffs@netbsd.org Bill Sommerfeld sommerfeld@netbsd.org Bill Squier groo@netbsd.org Bill Studenmund wrstuden@netbsd.org Kevin Sullivan sullivan@netbsd.org SUNAGAWA Keiki kei@netbsd.org Kimmo Suominen kim@netbsd.org Matt Thomas matt@netbsd.org Christoph Toshok toshok@netbsd.org UCHIYAMA Yasushi uch@netbsd.org Shuichiro URATA ur@netbsd.org Todd Vierling tv@netbsd.org Aymeric Vincent aymeric@netbsd.org Paul Vixie vixie@netbsd.org Krister Walfridsson kristerw@netbsd.org Lex Wennmacher wennmach@netbsd.org Assar Westerlund assar@netbsd.org Todd Whitesel toddpw@netbsd.org Rob Windsor windsor@netbsd.org Dan Winship danw@netbsd.org Jim Wise jwise@netbsd.org Michael Wolfson mbw@netbsd.org Colin Wood ender@netbsd.org Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trade- marks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles Han- num. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Alistair G. Crooks. This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and Roger Hardiman. This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Bill Paul. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Wash- ington University. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the Uni- versity of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Chris Provenzano. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas. This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Wep- pelman. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross. This product includes software developed by Hauke Fath. This product includes software developed by HAYAKAWA Koichi. This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. This product includes software developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Iain Hibbert. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Com- munications, http://www.and.com/. This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Manuel Bouyer. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe. This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson. This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller. This product includes software developed by Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roland C. Dowdeswell. This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by SigmaSoft, Th. Lockert. This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt and John Brezak. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt. This product includes software developed by Tohru Nishimura for the NetB- SD Project. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Labora- tory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the University of Calgary De- partment of Computer Science and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project. This product includes software developed for the Internet Software Con- sortium by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthieu Herrb. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, C Stone and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@min- com.oz.au). This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/). This product includes software developed by the University of Oregon. This product includes software developed by the University of Southern California and/or Information Sciences Institute. This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc. This product includes software developed by Thomas Gerner This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens. NetBSD October 29, 2000 29