INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/i386 DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 1.4.3 on the i386 platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt. .ps PostScript. .html Standard internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on Unix-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally pre- sented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UN*X-like operating system derived from the Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on twenty different system architectures featuring eight distinct families of CPUs, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 1.4.3 release contains complete binary releases for fifteen different machine types. (The remaining ones are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distri- bution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.netbsd.org/) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, The X Window System, and nu- merous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist. Upgrade path to NetBSD 1.4.3 If you are not installing your system ``from scratch'' but instead are going to upgrade an existing system already running NetBSD you need to know which versions you can upgrade with NetBSD 1.4.3. NetBSD 1.4.3 is an upgrade of NetBSD 1.4.2, 1.4.1, NetBSD 1.4 and earlier major and patch releases of NetBSD such as versions 1.3.3, 1.2 etc. The intermediate development versions of code available on the main trunk in our CVS repository (also known as ``NetBSD-current'') from after the point where the release cycle for 1.4 was started are designated by ver- sion identifiers such as 1.4A, 1.4B, 1.4P etc. These identifiers do not designate releases, but indicate major changes in internal kernel APIs. Note that the kernel from NetBSD 1.4.3 can not be used to upgrade a sys- tem running one of those intermediate development versions. Trying to use the NetBSD 1.4.3 kernel on such a system will in all probability re- sult in problems. Please also note that it is not possible to do a direct ``version'' com- parison between any of the intermediate development versions mentioned above and 1.4.3 to determine if a given feature is present or absent in 1.4.3. The development of 1.4 and the subsequent patch or ``point'' re- leases is done on a separate branch in the CVS repository which was cre- ated when the release cylcle for 1.4 was started, and during the release cycle of 1.4 and its patch releases, selective fixes have been imported from the main development trunk (the intent is to only import fixes with no or minor impact on the stability of the release branch). So, there are features in 1.4.3 which were not in e.g. 1.4H, but the reverse is al- so true. Major Changes Between 1.4.2 and 1.4.3 The complete list of changes between NetBSD 1.4.2 and 1.4.3 can be found in the file CHANGES-1.4.3 in the top directory of the source tree. The following are the highlights only. o A driver for the Lucent Wavelan (Orinoco) 802.11B wireless Ethernet PCMCIA card has been added, see wi(4). o The PCI Cyclom-4Y and -8Y multiport serial cards are now supported. o The Macintosh LC Ethernet Adapter is now supported. o The on-board video on Macintosh Quadra 605 is now supported. o Bugfixes to the Alteon Gigabit Ethernet driver, ti(4). o Support for several new PCI IDE controllers have been added, see pciide(4.) o The i386 port may now be installed on wd2 or wd3. o A possible CPU hog problem related to large I/Os has been fixed. Fixes SA#2000-005. o A denial-of-service problem related to handling of IP options has been fixed. Fixes SA#2000-002. o A problem with /etc/ftpchroot has been fixed. Fixes SA#2000-006. o A minor problem related to locking of semaphore resources has been fixed. Fixes SA#2000-004. o The DHCP software has been updated to ISC 2.0pl3. This also fixes SA#2000-008 -- a security problem in the dhcp client code. o A problem with use of user-supplied data as a format string in ftpd has been fixed. Fixes SA#2000-009. o The sparc c++rt0.o code is now compiled with -fPIC. This means that libraries with global constructors (which must link in c++rt0.o on sparc/a.out) must also be compiled -fPIC. o Most countries can now import the full release without restriction, including the previously restricted domestic portion. The only ``problem spots'' are US-embargoed countries. See http://www.NetBSD.ORG/Misc/crypto-export.html for the full details. o An extensive audit of the code (and corresponding fixes) has been done to eliminate possible buffer overruns caused by possible user- specified format strings. In addition, many bugs have been fixed -- more than 40 problems reported through our problem tracking system have been fixed, and some other non- reported problems have also been found and fixed. See the CHANGES-1.4.3 file for the complete list. Known caveats with 1.4.3 The following are the major known issues with NetBSD 1.4.3. o Some of the fixes in NetBSD 1.4.3 required the introduction of a new system call, issetugid(2). This means that you will have to upgrade the kernel before installing the new user-land code. o The more strict format checking required a minor fix to the C compil- er to allow NULL format strings. Thus, you will need to update your compiler before doing a ``make build'' during a source-based upgrade. o PCMCIA support may require manual adjustment to function properly. See Possible PCMCIA issues under Installing the NetBSD System for more details. o If the disk you are going to install on currently has LILO from Linux installed as the boot loader, the NetBSD sysinst tool may not proper- ly replace the boot code, and you will have problems booting from the disk. To work around this problem, do ``fdisk -i diskname'' after sysinst is done but before trying to boot from the disk. o No major changes have been made to LFS in 1.4.3, so it is still of ``beta test'' quality. o The version of the IPF packet filtering software in NetBSD 1.4.3 must be enabled with ``ipf -E'' before filtering rules can be set. Fail- ure to do so may result in a panic. (Enabling NAT will however auto- enable IPF.) Major Changes Between 1.4.1 and 1.4.2 The complete list of changes between NetBSD 1.4.1 and 1.4.2 can be found in the file CHANGES-1.4.2 in the top directory of the source tree. The following are the highlights only. o A driver for the Alteon Gigabit Ethernet cards has been added, see ti(4). o A driver for the Realtek 8129/8239 Fast Ethernet PCI cards have been added, see rl(4). o A driver for the DPT SmartCache and SmartRAID III or IV SCSI adapters has been added, see dpt(4). o A driver for the BOCA IOAT66 6-port ISA serial adapter has been added, see ioat(4). o Support for the X-surf Amiga board has been added. o Support has been added for ext2fs revision 1, with read-only support for the ``sparse super'' and the ``filetype'' options. o BIND has been upgraded to version 8.2.2-P5. o The IPF packet filtering software has been updated to version 3.3.6. o Tcpdump now does hex/ascii dumps of packet contents if asked to do so. o An implementation of the System V user management utilities has been added. o The name ``errno'' is now always a macro which expands to a function call. This is done to ease the integration of thread libraries with the code in both system and third-party libraries. Please include to access the correct definition of ``errno''. o A utility for making temporary files for shell scripts has been added, see mktemp(1). o The automounter utility amd(8) has been updated to fix a security problem. o A security problem in procfs has been fixed. Procfs is not used by default in NetBSD. o The floating point emulation on the ports using the m68k CPU has been reverted to the version in NetBSD 1.4 (the version in 1.4.1 had prob- lems). o Several subsystems have received substantial work, such as RAIDframe, LFS, and the package tools. In addition, many, many bugs have been fixed -- more than 100 problems reported through our problem tracking system have been fixed, and many other non-reported problems have also been found and fixed. See the CHANGES-1.4.2 file for the complete list. Known caveats with 1.4.2 The following are the major known issues with NetBSD 1.4.2. o The upgrade of ipf(8) caused a change of the kernel API. Thus, if you are using ipf(8) you need to upgrade both the kernel and the us- er-land utilities to control that feature in order for it to work. o As part of fixing a kernel bug, ``struct vfsnode'' needed to change size. This will unfortunately, and contrary to tradition for patch releases, cause incompatibilities for users of file system LKMs com- piled for 1.4 and 1.4.1. o If the disk you are going to install on currently has LILO from Linux installed as the boot loader, the NetBSD sysinst tool may not proper- ly replace the boot code, and you will have problems booting from the disk. To work around this problem, do ``fdisk -i diskname'' after sysinst is done but before trying to boot from the disk. o Although LFS has been improved between 1.4.1 and 1.4.2, it can proba- bly still be characterized as being of ``beta test'' quality, e.g. filling the file system still gives ``interesting'' effects. It should probably not be used to store critical data quite yet. o The version of the IPF packet filtering software in NetBSD 1.4.2 must be enabled with ``ipf -E'' before filtering or NAT rules can be set. Failure to do so may result in a panic. Major Changes Between 1.4 and 1.4.1 The complete list of changes between NetBSD 1.4 and 1.4.1 can be found in the file CHANGES-1.4.1 in the top directory of the source tree. o The NetBSD/alpha port's compatibility for Digital UNIX executables has been greatly improved. o Many bug fixes and improvements of the installation tools and utili- ties. o Support for more PCI serial/parallel cards has been added. o It is now possible to boot NetBSD/i386 on systems with 1GB of RAM. o The floating point emulation on the ports using the m68k CPU has been upgraded. o A fatal problem with /dev/random has been found and fixed. o Support for Alpha 21264 ev6 based systems has been added to NetB- SD/alpha. Major Changes Between 1.3 and 1.4 The NetBSD 1.4 release is a substantial improvement over its predeces- sors. We have provided numerous significant functional enhancements, in- cluding support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fix- es, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many userland enhancements. The results of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize the nearly two years of develop- ment that went into the NetBSD 1.4 release. Some highlights include: o Substantial improvements in the TCP/IP implementation, including nu- merous performance enhancements and bug fixes by Jason Thorpe and others. o A new, high efficiency kernel memory pool allocator by Paul Kranen- burg. This has been integrated into most kernel subsystems. o A new, totally rewritten virtual memory subsystem, UVM, created by Chuck Cranor, which is substantially cleaner and better performing than the old Mach derived VM subsystem. o Improved POSIX and XPG standards compliance. o Completion of the integration of all remaining 4.4BSD Lite-2 kernel improvements and bug fixes that had not been previously integrated. (Integration of all userland components was completed before NetBSD 1.3) o Several new ports, including macppc, bebox, sparc64, next68k, and others, have been integrated into the source tree. o The system compilers have been upgraded to egcs 1.1.1, and the system compiler toolchain now (mostly) uses the latest versions of GNU binu- tils instead of the obsolete versions left over from 4.4BSD Lite. o Everyone's favorite ftp(1) client has been improved even further. See the man page for details. o A new architecture independent console driver, wscons(4), has been integrated into many ports. o Numerous improvements have been made to the audio subsystem support, including support for MIDI device drivers. o Linux compatibility support has been improved. o A number of scheduler enhancements have yielded dramatic improvements in interactive performance and better control of background tasks. o Several network tunneling protocols, including GRE and IP in IP, have been implemented. o Kernel support for the CODA distributed file system has been added. o Manuel Bouyer completed major changes to the IDE support. It is now architecture independent. Major changes have been made to the IDE code for better error handling, improved ATAPI support, 32 bit data I/O support and bus-master DMA support on PCI IDE controllers. o Lennart Augustsson has added full USB support, permitting the use of a wide variety of Universal Serial Bus peripherals. The drivers should easily port to any future platforms that support the PCI bus. See usb(4) for an overview. o RAIDframe, version 1.1, from the Parallel Data Laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University, has been integrated. Supports RAID levels 0, 1, 4, 5, and more. o Luke Mewburn added nsswitch.conf(5) functionality to the system to specify the search order for system databases. o syslogd(8) now supports listening on multiple sockets, to make the chrooting of servers easier. o Most third party packages have been updated to the latest stable re- lease. As has been noted, there have also been innumerable bug fixes. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. As is usual between releases, the i386 port has had many improvements made to it -- too many to detail all of them here. Numerous new drivers have been added. See the supported hardware list for details. Some (but not all!) notable i386-specific improvements include: o New i386 boot blocks now support INT13 extensions. This means that on modern BIOSes, it is possible to boot a NetBSD partition that is past the old 1024 cylinder boundary. The new boot blocks also support a mechanism to pass BIOS geometry information to the kernel, permitting improved automation during installs. o The i386 port also now uses libkvm -- libkvm.old has finally been purged. NetBSD 1.4 on i386 is, as usual, also fully backward compatible with old NetBSD i386 binaries, so you don't need to recompile all your local pro- grams provided you set the appropriate binary compatibility options in your kernel configuration. The i386 will be switching executable formats from a.out to ELF in the next release. The support for this has already been completed, but was judged too new to be included in NetBSD 1.4. The Future of NetBSD The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of com- puter software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project. The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by: o providing better organization to keep track of development efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in related fields. o providing a framework to receive donations of goods and services and to own the resources necessary to run the NetBSD Project. o providing a better position from which to undertake promotional ac- tivities. o periodically organizing workshops for developers and other interested people to discuss ongoing work. We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambi- tion is to provide a full release every six to eight months. We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD. We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. In addition, Anonymous CVS access to the NetBSD source tree has been added since NetBSD 1.4.1; see http://www.netbsd.org/Changes/#anoncvs-available We have also added a browsable CVS repository on the web at http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/ We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources sub- mit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the us- ability of the system. Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be responsive to the needs and desires of NetBSD users, because it is for and because of them that NetBSD exists. Sources of NetBSD Please refer to http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/net.html. NetBSD 1.4.3 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 1.4.3 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-1.4.3/ BUGS Known bugs list (somewhat incomplete and out of date). CHANGES Changes since earlier NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes. MIRRORS A list of sites that mirror the NetBSD 1.4.3 distribution. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. TODO NetBSD's todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). patches/ Post-release source code patches. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one di- rectory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 1.4.3 has a binary distribution. There are also 'README.export- control' files sprinkled liberally throughout the distribution tree, which spell out the current restrictions related to export of this code from the United States of America. Note that these regulations were re- cently changed so that most countries can import the entire release with- out significant restrictions. See http://www.NetBSD.ORG/Misc/crypto-export.html which contains up-to-date information on this issue. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the "source" subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows: secrsrc.tgz: This set contains the "domestic" sources. These sources may be subject to United States export regulations. 423K gzipped, 2M uncompressed gnusrc.tgz: This set contains the "gnu" sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 19M gzipped, 84.3M uncompressed syssrc.tgz: This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 1.4.3 ker- nel, config(8), and dbsym(8). 13.9M gzipped, 68.8M uncompressed sharesrc.tgz: This set contains the "share" sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any par- ticular program, the sources for the typesettable docu- ment set, the dictionaries, and more. 3.1M gzipped, 11.8M uncompressed src.tgz: This set contains all of the NetBSD 1.4.3 sources which are not mentioned above. 14.5M gzipped, 67.5M uncompressed Most of the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The secrsrc.tgz set is contained in the source/security subdirectory. This set contains the sources normally found in /usr/src/domestic - primarily Kerberos (version 4) and other cryptographic security related software. This code can now be exported from the US to most countries. The document on http://www.NetBSD.ORG/Misc/crypto-export.html spells out the current (rather lenient) restrictions applicable for the export of this code. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. They may be un- packed into /usr/src with the command: cat set_name.tgz | gunzip | (cd /; tar xpf - ) The sets/Split/ and security/Split/ subdirectories contain split versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The split sets are are named "set_name.xx" where "set_name" is the distribution set name, and "xx" is the sequence number of the file, starting with "aa" for the first file in the distribution set, then "ab" for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that distribution set.) The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with cat as follows: cat set_name.?? | gunzip | (cd /; tar xpf - ) In each of the source distribution set directories, there is a file named CKSUMS which contains the checksums of the files in that directory, as generated by the cksum(1) utility. You can use cksum to check the in- tegrity of the archives, if you suspect that one of the files is corrupt and have access to a cksum binary. Checksums based on other algorithms may also be present - see the release(7) man page for details. NetBSD/i386 Subdirectory Structure The i386-specific portion of the NetBSD 1.4.3 release is found in the i386 subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-1.4.3/i386/ INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes; this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicat- ing italic and bold display. binary/ sets/ i386 binary distribution sets; see below. security/ i386 security distribution; see below. installation/ floppy/ i386 boot and installation floppies; see below. misc/ Miscellaneous i386 installation utilities; see installation section, below. Binary Distribution Sets The NetBSD i386 binary distribution sets contain the binaries which com- prise the NetBSD 1.4.3 release for the i386. There are eight binary dis- tribution sets and the security distribution set. The binary distribu- tion sets can be found in the i386/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.4.3 distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 1.4.3 i386 base binary distribution. You must in- stall this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. 11.7M gzipped, 29.2M uncompressed comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. 8.9M gzipped, 29.1M uncompressed etc This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. (If you are upgrading, it's recommended that you get a copy of this set and carefully upgrade your configuration files by hand.) 58K gzipped, 370K uncompressed games This set includes the games and their manual pages. 2.8M gzipped, 6.9M uncompressed kern This set contains a NetBSD/i386 1.4.3 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set. 1.6M gzipped, 3.3M uncompressed man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. 4.2M gzipped, 16.9M uncompressed misc This set includes the (rather large) system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share. 2.1M gzipped, 8.2M uncompressed text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. 1.3M gzipped, 4.4M uncompressed The i386 security distribution set is named secr and can be found in the i386/binary/security subdirectory of the NetBSD 1.4.3 distribution tree. It contains security- related binaries which depend on cryptographic source code. You do not need this distribution set to use encrypted passwords in your password file; the base distribution includes a crypt library which can perform only the one-way encryption function. The security distribution includes a version of the Kerberos IV network security system, and a Kerberized version of telnet(1) program. The secr distribution set can be found only on those sites which carry the complete NetBSD distribution and which can legally obtain it. Because of United States law, it may not be legal to distribute this set to locations outside of the United States and Canada. See http://www.NetBSD.ORG/Misc/crypto-export.html for updated information on this issue. 798K gzipped, 2.4M uncompressed NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. They are currently equivalent to XFree86 3.3.6. Binary sets for the X Window system are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. 2.7M gzipped, 7.9M uncompressed xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. 1.7M gzipped, 7M uncompressed xcontrib Programs that were contributed to X. 184k gzipped, 600k uncompressed xfont Fonts needed by X. 5.9M gzipped, 7.1M uncompressed xserver All XFree86 X servers. Because all of them are included, this set is large. However, you will only need one of the servers provided in this set. (Typically, XF86_SVGA.) 14.3M gzipped, 33.3M uncompressed The i386 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. They are also available in split form - catted together, the members of a split set form a gzipped tar file. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the files are /-relative and therefore are extracted below the current directory. That is, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar xfp command from /. Note Each directory in the i386 binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does: All BSDSUM files are historic BSD checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o 1 file All CKSUM files are POSIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum file. All MD5 files are MD5 digests for the various files in that direc- tory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -m file. All SYSVSUM files are historic AT&T System V UNIX checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by the command: cksum -o -2 file. The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest possible range of system can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/i386 System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD 1.4.3 runs on ISA (AT-Bus), EISA, PCI, and VL-bus systems with 386-family processors, with or without math coprocessors. It does NOT support MCA systems, such as some IBM PS/2 systems. The minimal configu- ration is said to require 4M of RAM and 50M of disk space, though we do not know of anyone running with a system quite this minimal today. To in- stall the entire system requires much more disk space (the unpacked bina- ry distribution, without sources, requires at least 65M without counting space needed for swap space, etc), and to run X or compile the system, more RAM is recommended. (4M of RAM will actually allow you to run X and/or compile, but it won't be speedy. Note that until you have around 16M of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU.) Supported devices include: Floppy controllers. MFM, ESDI, IDE, and RLL hard disk controllers. There is complete support (including IDE DMA or Ultra- DMA) for the following PCI controllers: - Acer labs M5229 IDE Controller - CMD Tech PCI0643, 0646, 0648 and 0649 IDE Controllers - Contaq Microsystems/Cypress CY82C693 IDE Controller - HighPoint HPT366 and HPT370 (in Ultra/66 mode only) - Intel PIIX, PIIX3 and PIIX4 IDE Controllers - Intel 82801 (ICH/ICH0) IDE Controllers - Promise PDC20246 (Ultra/33), PDC20262 (Ultra/66) and Ultra/100 (in Ultra/66 mode only) - Silicon Integrated System 5597/5598 IDE controller - VIA Technologies VT82C586 and VT82C586A IDE Controllers Most of these controllers are only available in multifunction PCI chips. Other PCI IDE controllers are supported, but performances may not be optimal. ISA, ISA plug and play and PCMCIA IDE controllers are supported as well. SCSI host adapters Adaptec AHA-154xA, -B, -C, and -CF Adaptec AHA-174x Adaptec AIC-6260 and AIC-6360 based boards, including the Adaptec AHA-152x, Adaptec APA-1460 (PCMCIA), and the SoundBlaster SCSI host adapter. (Note that you cannot boot from these boards if they do not have a boot ROM; only the AHA-152x and motherboards using this chip are likely to be bootable, consequently.) Adaptec AHA-2x4x[U][W] cards and some onboard PCI designs using the AIC-7770, AIC-7850, AIC-7860, AIC-7870, or AIC-7880 chip. Adaptec AHA-3940[U][W] cards [b] AdvanSys ABP-9x0[U][A] cards AdvanSys ABP-940UW[68], ABP-970UW[68] ASB3940UW-00 cards AMD PCscsi-PCI (Am53c974) based SCSI adapters, including Tekram DC-390 BusLogic 54x (Adaptec AHA-154x clones) BusLogic 445, 74x, 9xx (But not the new "FlashPoint" series of BusLogic SCSI adapters) DPT SmartCache / SmartRAID III / IV SCSI boards Qlogic ISP [12]xx0 SCSI/FibreChannel boards Seagate/Future Domain ISA SCSI adapter cards, including ST01/02 Future Domain TMC-885 Future Domain TMC-950 Symbios Logic (NCR) 53C8xx-based PCI SCSI host adapters: Acculogic PCIpport ASUS SC-200 (requires NCR BIOS on motherboard to boot from disks) ASUS SC-875 ASUS SP3[G] motherboard onboard SCSI DEC Celebris XL/590 onboard SCSI Diamond FirePort 40 Lomas Data SCSI adapters NCR/SYM 8125 (and its many clones; be careful, some of these cards have a jumper to set the PCI interrupt; leave it on INT A!) Promise DC540 (a particularly common OEM model of the SYM 8125) Tekram DC-390U/F Tyan Yorktown Symbios Logic (NCR) 5380/53C400-based ISA SCSI host adapters [*] Ultrastor 14f, 34f, and (possibly) 24f Western Digital WD7000 SCSI and TMC-7000 host adapters (ISA cards only) MDA, CGA, VGA, SVGA, and HGC Display Adapters. (Note that not all of the display adapters NetBSD/i386 can work with are supported by X. See the XFree86 FAQ for more information.) Serial ports: 8250/16450-based ports 16550/16650/16750-based ports AST-style 4-port serial cards [*] BOCA 8-port serial cards [*] BOCA 6-port (ioat) serial cards [*] IBM PC-RT 4-port serial cards [*] Single-port Hayes ESP serial cards [*] Cyclades Cyclom-Y serial cards [*] [+] PCI universal communication cards Parallel ports. [*] [+] Ethernet adapters: AMD LANCE and PCnet-based ISA Ethernet adapters [*], including: Novell NE1500T Novell NE2100 Kingston 21xx Digital EtherWORKS II ISA adapters (DE200/DE201/DE202) AMD PCnet-based PCI Ethernet adapters, including: Addtron AE-350 BOCALANcard/PCI SVEC FD0455 X/Lan Add-On Adapter IBM #13H9237 PCI Ethernet Adapter AT&T StarLAN 10, EN100, and StarLAN Fiber 3COM 3c501 3COM 3c503 3COM 3c505 [*] 3COM 3c507 3COM 3c509, 3c574, 3c579, 3c589, and 3c59X 3COM 3c90X (including 3c905B) 3COM/Megaherz 10/100 Ethernet/modem cards 3CCFEM556BI 3CXEM556B-INT Digital DC21x4x-based PCI Ethernet adapters, including: ASUS PCI-DEC100TX+ Cogent EM1X0, EM960 (a.k.a. Adaptec ANA-69XX) Cogent EM964 [b] Cogent EM4XX [b] Compex Readylink PCI DANPEX EN-9400P3 Digital Celebris GL, GLST on-board ethernet Digital (DEC) PCI Ethernet/Fast Ethernet adapters (all) DLINK DFE500-TX JCIS Condor JC1260 Linksys PCI Fast Ethernet SMC EtherPower 10, 10/100 (PCI only!) SMC EtherPower^2 [b] SVEC PN0455 SVEC FD1000-TP Znyx ZX34X Digital EtherWORKS III ISA adapters (DE203/DE204/DE205) [*] Digital DEPCM-BA (PCMCIA) and DE305 (ISA) NE2000-compat. cards BICC Isolan [* and not recently tested] Efficient Networks EN-155 and Adaptec AIC-590x ATM interfaces Essential Communications Hippi (800Mbit/s) Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based cards: Fujitsu FMV-180 series Allied-Telesis AT1700 series Allied-Telesis RE2000 series Intel EtherExpress 16 Intel EtherExpress PRO/10 Intel EtherExpress 100 Fast Ethernet adapters Novell NE1000, NE2000 (ISA, PCI, PCMCIA, ISA PnP) RealTek 8129/8139 based ethernet boards SMC/WD 8003, 8013, and the SMC "Elite16" ISA boards SMC/WD 8216 (the SMC "Elite16 Ultra" ISA boards) SMC 91C9x-based boards (ISA and PCMCIA) SMC EPIC/100 Fast Ethernet boards: SMC Etherpower-II Texas Instruments ThunderLAN based ethernet boards: Compaq Netelligent 10/100 TX Compaq ProLiant Integrated Netelligent 10/100 TX Compaq Netelligent 10 T (untested) Compaq Integrated NetFlex 3/P Compaq NetFlex 3/P in baseboard variant (the PCI (variant doesn't use the same chip !). Compaq Dual Port Netelligent 10/100 TX Compaq Deskpro 4000 5233MMX (untested) Texas Instruments TravelMate 5000 series laptop docking station Ethernet board VIA VT3043(Rhine) and VT86C100A(Rhine-II) based ethernet boards: D-Link DFE530TX FDDI adapters: Digital DEFPA PCI FDDI adapters [*] [+] Digital DEFEA EISA FDDI adapters [*] [+] Token-Ring adapters: IBM Token-Ring Network PC Adapter [+] IBM Token-Ring Network PC Adapter II [+] IBM Token-Ring Network Adapter/A [+] IBM Token-Ring Network 16/4 Adapter [+] IBM Token-Ring Network 16/4 Adapter/A [+] IBM 16/4 ISA Adapter [+] IBM Auto 16/4 Token-Ring ISA Adapter [+] 3COM 3C619 TokenLink [+] 3COM 3C319 TokenLink Velocity [+] High Speed Serial: LAN Media Corporation SSI/LMC10000 (up to 10Mbps) [*] [+] LAN Media Corporation HSSI/LMC5200 [*] [+] LAN Media Corporation DS3/LMC5245 [*] [+] Tape drives: Most SCSI tape drives QIC-02 and QIC-36 format (Archive- and Wangtek- compatible) tape drives [*] [+] CD-ROM drives: Non-IDE Mitsumi CD-ROM drives [*] [+] [Note: The Mitsumi driver device probe is known to cause trouble with several devices!] Most SCSI CD-ROM drives Most ATAPI CD-ROM drives. [ Note: Some low-priced IDE CDROM drives are known for being not or not fully ATAPI compliant, and thus requires some hack (generally an entry to a quirk table) to work with NetBSD.] Mice: "Logitech"-style bus mice [*] [+] "Microsoft"-style bus mice [*] [+] "PS/2"-style mice [*] [+] Serial mice (no kernel support necessary) Sound Cards: SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro, SoundBlaster 16 [*] [+] Gravis Ultrasound and Ultrasound Max [*] [+] Windows Sound System [*] [+] [The following drivers are not extensively tested] Personal Sound System [*] [+] ProAudio Spectrum [*] [+] Gravis Ultrasound Plug&Play [*] [+] Ensoniq AudioPCI [*] [+] Yamaha OPL3-SA3 [*] [+] Aria based sound cards [*] S3 SonicVibes [*] [+] ESS Technology ES1777/1868/1869/1887/1888/888 audio [*] [+] Game Ports (Joysticks). [*] [+] Miscellaneous: Advanced power management (APM) [*] Universal Serial Bus: UHCI host controllers [*] [+] OHCI host controllers [*] [+] Hubs [*] [+] Keyboards using the boot protocol [*] [+] Mice [*] [+] Printers [*] [+] Generic support for HID devices [*] [+] Drivers for hardware marked with "[*]" are NOT present in kernels on the distribution floppies. Except as noted above, all drivers are present on all disks. Also, at the present time, the distributed kernels support only one SCSI host adapter per machine. NetBSD normally allows more, though, so if you have more than one, you can use all of them by compil- ing a custom kernel once NetBSD is installed. Support for devices marked with "[+]" IS included in the "generic" ker- nels, although it is not in the kernels which are on the distribution floppies. Support for devices marked with "[b]" requires BIOS support for PCI-PCI bridging on your motherboard. Most reasonably modern Pentium mother- boards have this support, or can acquire it via a BIOS upgrade. Hardware the we do NOT currently support, but get many questions about: o Multiprocessor systems. (NetBSD will run, but only use one proces- sor.) o Adaptec AIC-7890 SCSI host adapters. o PCI WD-7000 SCSI host adapters. o QIC-40 and QIC-80 tape drives. (Drives that connect to the floppy disk controller.) We are planning future support for many of these devices. To be detected by the distributed kernels, the devices must be configured as follows: Device Name Port IRQ DRQ Misc ------ ---- ---- --- --- ---- Serial ports com0 0x3f8 4 [8250/16450/16550/clones] com1 0x2f8 3 [8250/16450/16550/clones] com2 0x3e8 5 [8250/16450/16550/clones] Parallel ports lpt0 0x378 7 [interrupt-driven or polling] lpt1 0x278 [polling only] lpt2 0x3bc [polling only] Floppy controller fdc0 0x3f0 6 2 [supports two disks] AHA-154x, AHA-174x (in compatibility mode), or BT-54x SCSI host adapters aha0 0x330 any any aha1 0x334 any any AHA-174x SCSI host adapters (in enhanced mode) ahb0 any any any AHA-152x, AIC-6260- or AIC-6360-based SCSI host adapters aic0 0x340 11 6 AHA-2X4X or AIC-7XXX-based SCSI host adapters [precise list: see NetBSD ahc0 any any any System Requirements and Supported Devices] AdvanSys ABP-9x0[U][A] SCSI host adapters adv0 any any any AdvanSys ABP-940UW[68], ABP-970UW[68], ASB3940UW-00 SCSI host adapters adw0 any any any AMD PCscsi-PCI based SCSI host adapters pcscp0 any any any BusLogic BT445, BT74x, or BT9xx SCSI host adapters bha0 0x330 any any bha1 0x334 any any Symbios Logic/NCR 53C8xx based PCI SCSI host adapters ncr0 any any any Ultrastor 14f, 24f (if it works), or 34f SCSI host adapters uha0 0x330 any any uha1 0x340 any any Western Digital WD7000 based ISA SCSI host adapters wds0 0x350 15 6 wds1 0x358 11 5 PCI IDE hard disk controllers pciide0 any any any [supports four devices] MFM/ESDI/IDE/RLL hard disk controllers wdc0 0x1f0 14 [supports two devices] wdc1 0x170 15 [supports two devices] ATA disks wd0, wd1, ... SCSI and ATAPI disks sd0, sd1, ... SCSI tapes st0, st1, ... SCSI and ATAPI CD-ROMs cd0, cd1, ... For each SCSI and IDE controller found, the SCSI or ATA(PI) devices present on the bus are probed in increasing id order for SCSI and master/slave order for ATA(PI). So the first SCSI drive found will be called sd0, the second sd1, and so on ... 3Com 3c501 Ethernet cards el0 0x300 9 3Com 3c503 Ethernet cards ec0 0x250 9 iomem 0xd8000 3Com 3c505 Ethernet cards eg0 0x280 9 3Com 3c507 Ethernet cards ef0 0x360 7 iomem 0xd0000 Novell NE1000, or NE2000 Ethernet boards ne0 0x280 9 ne1 0x300 10 SMC/WD 8003, 8013, Elite16, and Elite16 Ultra Ethernet boards we0 0x280 9 iomem 0xd0000 we1 0x300 10 iomem 0xcc000 3COM 3c509 or 3COM 3c579 Ethernet boards ep0 any any 3COM 3x59X PCI Ethernet boards ep0 any any [you must assign an interrupt in your PCI BIOS, or let it do so for you] 3COM 3x90X PCI Ethernet boards ex0 any any [you must assign an interrupt in your PCI BIOS, or let it do so for you] AT&T StarLAN 10, EN100, or StarLAN Fiber, ai0 0x360 7 iomem 0xd0000 Intel EtherExpress 16 Ethernet boards ix0 0x300 10 Intel EtherExpress PRO 10 ISA iy0 0x360 any Intel EtherExpress 100 Fast Ethernet adapters fxp0 any any [you must assign an interrupt in your PCI BIOS, or let it do so for you] SMC91C9x based Ethernet cards sm0 0x300 10 PCnet-PCI based Ethernet boards; see above for partial list le0 any any [you must assign an interrupt in your PCI BIOS, or let it do so for you] DC21x4x based Ethernet boards; see above for partial list de0 any any [you must assign an interrupt in your PCI BIOS, or let it do so for you] Digital EtherWORKS III (DE203/DE204/DE205) lc0 0x320 any IBM TROPIC based Token-Ring cards tr0 0xa20 any iomem 0xd8000 tr1 0xa24 any iomem 0xd0000 DPT SmartCache/SmartRAID III/IV SCSI boards: dpt0 any any Qlogic ISP [12]xx0 SCSI/FibreChannel boards isp0 any any Efficient Networks EN-155 and Adaptec AIC-590x ATM interfaces en0 any any SMC EPIC/100 Fast Ethernet boards: epic0 any any RealTek 8129/8139 based ethernet boards: rl0 any any Texas Instruments ThunderLAN based ethernet boards: tl0 any any VIA VT3043(Rhine) and VT86C100A(Rhine-II) based ethernet boards vr0 any any Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Installation is supported from several media types, including: o FTP o Remote NFS partition o DOS floppies No matter which installation medium you choose, you'll need to use one or two floppies to boot your system (that is, unless you are using a bootable CD-ROM). There are three different boot floppy sets available, they are: o The two-floppy image set which consists of ``boot1.fs'' and ``boot2.fs''. This installation set is suitable for writing to 1.44MB floppies, and supports the most devices of the boot floppy sets. This is the set almost all users should pick. o The one-floppy image called ``boot-small.fs''. This image is suit- able for writing to a 1.2MB floppy, so can be used on machines which do not have a 1.44MB floppy drive. However, the kernel on this flop- py does not support PCMCIA or PCI devices, and is thus only suitable for use on older machines. o The one-floppy image called ``boot-tiny.fs''. This image also fits on a 1.2MB floppy. In addition to having the PCMCIA and PCI device driver support removed, it also does not support EISA or any SCSI controllers. The kernel on this floppy also has a specially reduced set of buffer cache buffers, and is the only one which has any hope of being able to install NetBSD on 4MB machines. This has not been tested recently, but an additional tip is to suspend sysinst before it starts extracting files, and turn on swapping on the newly la- belled drive with .e.g ``swapon /dev/wd0b'' before continuing (if you get that far). Also, remember to manually fetch and install netb- sd.GENERIC_TINY (suitably renamed) before trying to boot from the hard disk (the default GENERIC kernel is way too large for 4MB ma- chines). The ``boot-big.fs'' image is an image sized for 2.88MB floppies, and its primary intended use is as a boot image for CD-ROM images. If you are using a UN*X-like system to write the floppy image(s) to disks, you should use the dd command to copy the file system image(s) (.fs files) directly to the raw floppy disk. It is suggested that you read the dd(1) manual page or ask your system administrator to determine the correct set of arguments to use; it will be slightly different from system to system, and a comprehensive list of the possibilities is beyond the scope of this document. If you are using DOS to write the floppy image(s) to floppy disk, you should use the rawrite utility, provided in the i386/utilities directory of the NetBSD distribution. It will write a file system image (.fs file) to a floppy disk. Note that, when installing or upgrading, the floppy can be write-protect- ed if you wish. These systems mount ramdisks as their root file systems once booted, and will not need to write to the floppy itself at any time -- indeed, once booted, the floppy may be removed from the disk drive. Obviously, the steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for in- stallation or upgrade depend on which installation medium you choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below. To install or upgrade NetBSD using DOS floppies, you need to do the fol- lowing: o Count the number of set_name.xx files that make up the distribution sets you want to install or upgrade. You will need one fifth that number of 1.2M floppies, or one sixth that number of 1.44M floppies. You should only use one size of floppy for the install or upgrade procedure; you can't use some 1.2M floppies and some 1.44M floppies. o Format all of the floppies with DOS. Do not make any of them bootable DOS floppies, i.e. don't use format/s to format them. (If the floppies are bootable, then the DOS system files that make them bootable will take up some space, and you won't be able to fit as many distribution set parts per disk.) If you're using floppies that are formatted for DOS by their manufacturers, they probably aren't bootable, and you can use them out of the box. o Place all of the set_name.xx files on the DOS disks, five per disk if you're using 1.2M disks, six per disk if you're using 1.44M disks. How you do this is up to you; there are many possibilities. You could, for instance, use a DOS terminal program to download them on to the floppies, or use a UN*X-like system capable of reading and writing DOS file systems (either with "mtools" or a real DOS file system) to place them on the disk. Once you have the files on DOS disks, you can start the actual in- stallation or upgrade process. To install or upgrade NetBSD using NFS, you must do the following: o Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a direc- tory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the ma- chine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) o You need to know the the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Fi- nally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. The install program will ask you to provide this information to be able to access the sets. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can start the actual installation or upgrade process. To install or upgrade NetBSD by using FTP to get the installation sets, you must do the following: o The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you make sure that there's some FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. You need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're in- stalling or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. The install program will ask you to provide this information to be able to access the sets via ftp. Once you have this information, you can proceed to the actual instal- lation or upgrade. If you are upgrading NetBSD, you also have the option of installing NetB- SD by putting the new distribution sets somewhere in your existing file system, and using them from there. To do that, you must do the following: o Place the distribution sets you wish to upgrade somewhere in your current file system tree. Please note that the /dev on the floppy used for upgrades only knows about wd0, wd1, sd0, sd1 and sd2. If you have more than two IDE drives or more than three SCSI drives, you should take care not to place the sets on the high numbered drives. o At a bare minimum, you must upgrade the base and kern binary distri- bution, and so must put the base and kern sets somewhere in your file system. If you wish, you can do the other sets, as well, but you should NOT upgrade the etc distribution; it contains systems configu- ration files that you should review and update by hand. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the up- grade process, actually upgrading your system. Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation First and foremost, before beginning the installation process, make sure you have a reliable backup of any data on your hard disk that you wish to keep. Mistakes in partitioning your hard disk may lead to data loss. Before you begin, you should be aware of the geometry issues that may arise in relation to your hard disk. First of all, you should know about sector size. You can count on this to be 512 bytes; other sizes are rare (and currently not supported). Of particular interest are the number of sectors per track, the number of tracks per cylinder (also known as the number of heads), and the number of cylinders. Together they describe the disk geometry. The BIOS has a limit of 1024 cylinders and 63 sectors per track for doing BIOS I/O. This is because of the old programming interface to the BIOS that restricts these values. Most of the big disks currently being used have more than 1024 real cylinders. Some have more than 63 sectors per track. Therefore, the BIOS can be instructed to use a fake geometry that accesses most of the disk and the fake geometry has less than or equal to 1024 cylinders and less than or equal to 63 sectors. This is possible be- cause the disks can be addressed in a way that is not restricted to these values, and the BIOS can internally perform a translation. This can be activated in most modern BIOSes by using Large or LBA mode for the disk. NetBSD does not have the mentioned limitations with regard to the geome- try. However, since the BIOS has to be used during startup, it is impor- tant to know about the geometry the BIOS uses. The NetBSD kernel should be on a part of the disk where it can be loaded using the BIOS, within the limitations of the BIOS geometry. The install program will check this for you, and will give you a chance to correct this if this is not the case. If you have not yet installed any other systems on the hard disk that you plan to install NetBSD on, or if you plan to use the disk entirely for NetBSD, you may wish to check your BIOS settings for the 'Large' or 'LBA' modes, and activate them for the hard disk in question. While they are not needed by NetBSD as such, doing so will remove the limitations men- tioned above, and will avoid hassle should you wish to share the disk with other systems. Do not change these settings if you already have data on the disk that you want to preserve! In any case, it is wise to check your the BIOS settings for the hard disk geometry before beginning the installation, and write them down. While this should usually not be needed, it enables you to verify that the in- stall program determines these values correctly. The geometry that the BIOS uses will be referred to as the BIOS geometry, the geometry that NetBSD uses is the real geometry. Sysinst will try to discover both the real geometry and BIOS geometry. It is important that sysinst know the proper BIOS geometry to be able to get NetBSD to boot, regardless of where on your disk you put it. It is less of a concern if the disk is going to be used entirely for NetBSD. If you intend to have several OSes on your disk, this becomes a much larger issue. Installing the NetBSD System Running the Sysinst Installation Program 1. Introduction Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. You still should read this document and have it in hand when doing the installation process. This document tries to be a good guideline for the installation and as such covers many details to be completed. Do not let this discourage you, the install program is not hard to use. 2. Possible PCMCIA issues There is a serious problem that may make installation of NetBSD on PCMCIA machines difficult. This problem does not make using PCMCIA difficult once a machine is installed. If you do not have PCMCIA on your machine (PCMCIA is only really used on laptop machines), you can skip this section, and ignore the ``[PCMCIA]'' notes. This section explains how to work around the installation problem. The kernel keeps careful track of what interrupts and I/O ports are in use during autoconfiguration. It then allows the PCMCIA devices to pick unused interrupts and I/O ports. Unfortunately, the INSTALL kernel may not detect all devices in your system. This may be be- cause the INSTALL kernel only supports the minimum set of devices to install NetBSD on your system, or it may be that NetBSD does not have support for the device causing the conflict. For example, suppose your laptop has a soundblaster device built in; the INSTALL kernel has no sound support. The PCMCIA code might allocate your soundblaster's IRQ and I/O ports to PCMCIA devices, causing them not to work, or to lock up the system. This is espe- cially bad if one of the devices in question is your ethernet card. This problem will impact some, but not all, users of PCMCIA. If this problem is affecting you, watch the ``[PCMCIA]'' notes that will appear in this document. It can be difficult to distinguish an interrupt conflict from an I/O space conflict. There are no hard-and-fast rules, but interrupt con- flicts are more likely to lock up the machine, and I/O space con- flicts are more likely to result in misbehavior (e.g. a network card that cannot send or receive packets). The kernel selects a free interrupt according to a mask of allowable interrupts, stored in the kernel global variable pcic_isa_intr_alloc_mask. This mask is a logical-or of power-of-2s of allowable interrupts: IRQ Val IRQ Val IRQ Val IRQ Val 0 0x0001 4 0x0010 8 0x0100 12 0x1000 1 0x0002 5 0x0020 9 0x0200 13 0x2000 2 0x0004 6 0x0040 10 0x0400 14 0x4000 3 0x0008 7 0x0080 11 0x0800 15 0x8000 For example, 0x0a00 allows both irq 9 and irq 11. By default, the INSTALL kernel permits all IRQs other than 3, 5, and 10, so the cor- responding mask is 0xfb5f. The GENERIC kernel, however, permits IRQs other than 3 and 5 (the presumption here is that IRQ 10 may be as- signed to a device that the GENERIC kernel supports, but that the INSTALL does not). The kernel selects IO space by assigning cards io space within a predefined range. The range is specified as a base and size, speci- fied by the kernel global variables pcic_isa_alloc_iobase and pcic_isa_alloc_iosize. For systems with 12-bit addressing (most), the kernel defaults to a base of 0x400 and a size of 0xbff (a range of 0x400-0xfff). For systems with 10-bit addressing, the kernel de- faults to a base of 0x300 and a size of 0xff (range of 0x300-0x3ff). Unfortunately, these ranges may conflict with some devices. In the event of a conflict, try a base of 0x330 with a size of 0x0bf (range of 0x330-0x3ff). In order to work around this at installation time, you may boot the INSTALL kernel with boot -d, in order to enter ddb(4) (the in-kernel debugger), and then use the write command to alter the variable val- ues: db> write pcic_isa_intr_alloc_mask 0x0a00 _pcic_isa_intr_alloc_mask 0xfb5f = 0xa00 db> write pcic_isa_alloc_iobase 0x330 _pcic_isa_alloc_iobase 0x400 = 0x330 db> write pcic_isa_alloc_iosize 0x0bf pcic_isa_alloc_iosize 0xbff = 0xbf db> continue After installation, this value can be permanently written to the kernel image directly with: # cp /netbsd /netbsd.bak # gdb --write /netbsd (gdb) set pcic_isa_intr_alloc_mask=0x0a00 (gdb) set pcic_isa_alloc_iobase=0x330 (gdb) set pcic_isa_alloc_iosize=0x0bf (gdb) quit # or you could specify these value when configuring your kernel, e.g.: options PCIC_ISA_INTR_ALLOC_MASK=0x0a00 options PCIC_ISA_ALLOC_IOBASE=0x330 options PCIC_ISA_ALLOC_IOSIZE=0x0bf If you can get your PCMCIA card to work using this hack, you may al- so ignore the [PCMCIA] notes later in this document. We hope to provide a more elegant solution to this problem in a fu- ture NetBSD release. 3. General The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting NetBSD installed on your hard disk. sysinst is a menu driv- en installation system that allows for some freedom in doing the in- stallation. Sometimes, questions will be asked and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may hit Control- C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch. 4. Quick install First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instruc- tions, skip to section 3. This section describes a basic installa- tion, using a CD-ROM install as an example. o What you need. - The distribution sets (in this example, they are on CD). - Two 1.44M 3.5" floppy disks. - A PC with a 386 or newer processor. A CD-ROM drive (SCSI or ATAPI), a harddisk and a minimum of 4Mb of memory installed. - The harddisk should have at least 70 + n megabytes of space free, where n is the number of megabytes of main memory in your system. If you wish to install the X window system as well, you will need at least 60Mb more. o Creating the boot floppies. You can create the floppies needed for installation under DOS or Windows. Supposing your 1.44M floppy drive is drive A:, and your CD is drive E: do the follow- ing from an MS-DOS command prompt: e: cd \NetBSD-1.4.3\installation\misc rawrite When asked for a source filename, answer ..\floppy\boot1.fs for the first diskette and ..\floppy\boot2.fs for the second diskette When asked for a destination drive answer a o To create a bootfloppy under NetBSD or other UNIX-like system, you would type something like: dd if=.../boot1.fs bs=18k of=/dev/rfd0a o The Quick Installation - Insert the first boot floppy you just created. Restart the computer. When prompted, insert the second boot floppy. The main menu will be displayed. - If you wish, you can configure some network settings immedi- ately by choosing the utilities menu and then configure network. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. - Choose install - You will be guided through some steps regarding the setup of your disk, and the selection of distributed components to install. When in doubt, refer to the rest of this document for details. - After your disk has been prepared, choose CD-ROM as the medium. The default values for the path and device should be ok. - After all the files have been unpacked, go back to the main menu and select reboot, after you have removed the bootflop- py from the drive. - NetBSD will now boot. You should log in as root, and set a password for that account. You are also advised to edit the file /etc/rc.conf to match your system needs. - Your installation is now complete. - For configuring the X window system, if installed, see the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc. Further information can be found on http://www.xfree86.org/ 5. Booting NetBSD [PCMCIA] Unplug your PCMCIA devices, so that they won't be found by NetBSD. Boot your machine using the boot floppy. The boot loader will start, and will print a countdown and begin booting. If the boot loader messages do not appear in a reasonable amount of time, you either have a bad boot floppy or a hardware problem. Try writing the install floppy image to a different disk, and using that. If that doesn't work, try booting after disabling your CPU's inter- nal and external caches (if any). If it still doesn't work, NetBSD probably can't be run on your hardware. This can probably be consid- ered a bug, so you might want to report it. If you do, please in- clude as many details about your system configuration as you can. It will take a while to load the kernel from the floppy, probably around a minute or so, then, the kernel boot messages will be dis- played. This may take a little while also, as NetBSD will be probing your system to discover which hardware devices are installed. You may want to read the boot messages, to notice your disk's name and geometry. Its name will be something like sd0 or wd0 and the geome- try will be printed on a line that begins with its name. As men- tioned above, you may need your disk's geometry when creating NetB- SD's partitions. You will also need to know the name, to tell sysinst on which disk to install. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first IDE disk, wd1 the sec- ond, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Note that, once the system has finished booting, you need not leave the floppy in the disk drive. Earlier version of the NetBSD install floppies mounted the floppy as the system's root partition, but the new installation floppies use a ramdisk file system and are no longer dependent on the floppy once it has booted. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 6. Network configuration [PCMCIA] You can skip this section, as you will only get data from floppy in the first part of the install. If you will not use network operation during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the utilities menu, and select Configure network option. If you only want to temporarily use net- working during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using Domain Name Service (DNS), you can give an empty response in reply to answers relating to this. 7. Installation drive selection and parameters To start the installation, select the menu option to install NetBSD from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. sysinst will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. Depending on how many disks are found, you may get a different message. You should see disk names like wd0, wd1, sd0, or sd1. sysinst next tries to figure out the real and BIOS geometry of your disk. It will present you with the values it found, if any, and will give you a chance to change them. Next, depending on whether you are using a wdx or wdx disk, you will either be asked for the type of disk (wdx) you are using or you will be asked if you want to specify a fake geometry for your SCSI disk (sdx). The types of disk are be IDE, ST-506 or ESDI. If you're in- stalling on an ST-506 or ESDI drive, you'll be asked if your disk supports automatic sector forwarding. If you are sure that it does, reply affirmatively. Otherwise, the install program will automati- cally reserve space for bad144 tables. 8. Partitioning the disk. o Which portion of the disk to use. You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, it will be checked if there are already other systems present on the disk, and you will be asked to confirm whether you want to overwrite these. If you want to use the entire disk for NetBSD, you can skip the following section and go to Editing the NetBSD disklabel. o Editing the Master Boot Record. First, you will be prompted to specify the units of size that you want to express the sizes of the partitions in. You can ei- ther pick megabytes, cylinders or sectors. After this, you will be presented with the current values stored in the MBR, and will be given the opportunity to change, create or delete partitions. For each partition you can set the type, the start and the size. Setting the type to unused will delete a partition. You can also mark a partition as active, meaning that this is the one that the BIOS will start from at boot time. Be sure to mark the partition you want to boot from as active! After you are done editing the MBR, a sanity check will be done, checking for partitions that overlap. Depending on the BIOS ca- pabilities of your machine and the parameters of the NetBSD par- tition you have specified, you may also be asked if you want to install newer bootcode in your MBR. If you have multiple operat- ing systems on the disk that you are installing on, you will al- so be given the option to install a bootselector, that will al- low you to pick the operating system to start up when your com- puter is (re-)started. If everything is ok, you can go on to the next step, editing the NetBSD disklabel. o Editing the NetBSD disklabel. The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a disklabel. There are 3 layouts for the NetBSD part of the disk that you can pick from: Standard, Standard with X and Custom. The first two use a set of default values (that you can change) suitable for a normal installation, possibly including X. The last option lets you specify everything yourself. You will be presented with the current layout of the NetBSD disklabel, and given a chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD. A swap partition has a special type called swap. You can also specify a partition as type msdos. This is useful if you share the disk with MS-DOS or Windows95; NetBSD is able to access the files on these partitions. You can use the values from the MBR for the MS-DOS part of the disk to specify the partition of type msdos (you don't have to do this now, you can always re-edit the disklabel to add this once you have installed NetBSD). Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. Parti- tion a is always the root partition, b is the swap partition, c is the entire NetBSD part of the disk, and d is the whole disk. Partitions e-h are available for other use. Traditionally, e is the partition mounted on the /usr directory, but this is histor- ical practice, not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The de- fault response is mydisk. For most purposes this will be OK. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and contains no special characters. You don't need to remember this name. 9. Preparing your hard disk You are now at the point of no return. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to pro- ceed, enter yes at the prompt. The install program will now label your disk and make the file sys- tems you specified. The filesystems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key. NOTE: In previous versions of NetBSD, the kernel from the install floppy was copied onto the hard drive in a special step. In the new install system, the kernel on the floppy is unsuited to being copied onto the hard drive. Instead, a new set, kern, has been added which contains a generic kernel to be unloaded onto the drive. So, you can not boot from your hard drive yet at this point. 10. Getting the distribution sets. [PCMCIA] Load a kernel tar file (i.e. the kern.tgz set file) on to your hard disk, for example by mounting the hard disk first, copying the kern.tgz file from floppy and unpack- ing it. Example: mount /dev/wd0a /mnt cd /mnt mount -t msdos /dev/fd0a /mnt2 cp /mnt2/kern.* . umount /mnt2 cat kern.* | tar vxzf - Then halt the machine using the 'halt' command. Power the machine down, and re-insert all the PCMCIA devices. Remove any floppy from the floppy drive. Start the ma- chine up. After booting NetBSD, you will be presented with the main sysinst menu. Choose the option to re-in- stall sets. Wait for the filesystem checks that it will do to finish, and then proceed as described below. The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets, that come in the form of gzipped tarfiles. A few sets must be installed for a working system, others are optional. At this point of the installa- tion, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first load the sets on your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is making the sets available for extraction, and then do the actual installation. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of those methods. After reading the one about the method you will be using, you can continue to section 9 11. Installation using ftp To be able to install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup, if you haven't already at the start of the install procedure. sysinst will do this for you, asking you to provide some data, like IP number, hostname, etc. If you do not have name service set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press return in answer to these questions, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, and the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp. If you did not set up DNS when answering the questions to configure networking, you will need to specify an IP number instead of a hostname for the ftp serv- er. sysinst will proceed to transfer all the default set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 12. Installation using NFS To be able to install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup, if you haven't already at the start of the install procedure. sysinst will do this for you, asking you to provide some data, like IP number, hostname, etc. If you do not have name service set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press return in answer to these questions, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e. correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS when answering the questions to configure networking, you will need to specify an IP number instead of a host- name for the NFS server. 13. Installation from CD-ROM When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the de- vice name for your CD-ROM player (usually cd0), and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. sysinst will then check if the files are indeed available in the specified location, and proceed to the actual extraction of the sets. 14. Installation from an unmounted filesystem In order to install from a local filesystem, you will need to speci- fy the device that the filesystem resides on (for example wd1e) the type of the filesystem, and the directory on the specified filesys- tem where the sets are located. sysinst will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 15. Installation from a local directory This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a filesystem that is already accessible. sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory. 16. Extracting the distribution sets After the install sets containing the NetBSD distribution have been made available, you can either extract all the sets (a full instal- lation), or only extract sets that you have selected. In the latter case you will be shown the currently selected sets, and given the opportunity to select the sets you want. Some sets always need to be installed (kern, base and etc) they will not be shown in this selec- tion menu. Before extraction begins, you can elect to watch the files being ex- tracted; the name of each file that is extracted will be shown. This can slow down the installation process considerably, especially on machines with slow graphics consoles or serial consoles. After all the files have been extracted, all the necessary device node files will be created. If you have already configured network- ing, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the net- work configuration files. 17. Finalizing your installation. Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 1.4.3. You can now reboot the machine, and boot from harddisk. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a propperly configured state, with the most important ones described below. 1. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf, the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root filesystem mounted read-write. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply hit return to get to a prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type) and hit return. At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed. If your /usr directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use 'ed' or 'ex', you will have to mount your /usr partition to gain access to 'vi'. Do the follow- ing: mount /usr export TERM=vt220 If you have /var on a seperate partition, you need to repeat that step for it. After that, you can edit /etc/rc.conf with vi(1). When you have finished, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot. Other values that need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked en- vironment are hostname and possibly defaultroute, furthermore add an ifconfig_int for your interface , along the lines of ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventur- ous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more informa- tion. Other files in /etc that are new to NetBSD 1.4 and may require modi- fication or setting up include /etc/mailer.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf and /etc/wscons.conf. 2. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. There is no initial password, but if you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the "root" account with good passwords. 3. Adding accounts Use the vipw(8) command to add accounts to your system, do not edit /etc/passwd directly. See adduser(8) for more information on the process of how to add a new user to the system. 4. The X Window System If you have installed the X window system, look at the files in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc for information. You will need to set up a configuration file, see /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XF86Config.eg for an example. See http://www.xfree86.org/ and the XFree86 manual page for more infor- mation. Don't forget to add /usr/X11R6/bin to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries. 5. Installing 3rd party packages There is a lot of software freely available for Unix-based systems, almost all of which can run on NetBSD. Modifications are usually needed to when transferring programs between different Unix-like systems, so the NetBSD packages collection incorporates any such changes necessary to make that software run on NetBSD, and makes the installation (and deinstallation) of the software packages easy. There's also the option of building a package from source, in case there's no precompiled binary available. Precompiled binaries can be found at ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/ Package sources for compiling packages can be obtained by retrieving the file ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD- current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz They are typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other loca- tions work fine), as with the command: cat pkgsrc.tar.gz | gunzip | (mkdir /usr/pkgsrc; cd /usr/pkgsrc; tar xpf - ) After extracting, then see the README file in the extraction direc- tory (e.g. /usr/pkgsrc/README) for more information. 6. Misc o To adjust the system to your local timezone, point the /etc/localtime symlink to the appropriate file under /usr/share/zoneinfo. o Edit /etc/aliases to forward root mail to the right place (run newaliases(1) afterwards.) o The /etc/sendmail.cf file will almost definitely need to be ad- justed; files aiding in this can be found in /usr/share/sendmail. See the README file there for more infor- mation. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manu- al; so just invoking man filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System The upgrade to NetBSD 1.4.3 is a binary upgrade; it can be quite diffi- cult to advance to a later version by recompiling from source due primar- ily to interdependencies in the various components. To do the upgrade, you must have the boot floppy available. You must al- so have at least the base and kern binary distribution sets available, so that you can upgrade with them, using one of the upgrade methods de- scribed above. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since the old binaries are being overwritten in place, you only need space for the new binaries, which weren't previ- ously on the system. If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root and /usr partitions, you should have enough space. Since upgrading involves replacing the boot blocks on your NetBSD parti- tion, the kernel, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any important data on your disk, whether on the NetBSD partition or on another operat- ing system's partition, before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure using the sysinst tool is similar to an installa- tion, but without the hard disk partitioning. Another difference is that existing configuration files in /etc are backed up and merged with the new files. Getting the binary sets is done in the same manner as the in- stallation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for how to do this. Also, some sanity checks are done, i.e. filesystems are checked before unpacking the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 1.4.3 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're fin- ished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in /dev. If you've changed the contents of /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into /dev , and run the command sh MAKEDEV all You must also deal with certain changes in the formats of some of the configuration files. The most notable change is that the options given to many of the file systems in /etc/fstab have changed, and some of the file systems have changed names. To find out what the new options are, it's suggested that you read the manual page for the file systems' mount com- mands, for example mount_nfs(8) for NFS. Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the ver- sion of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the NetBSD distribution. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 1.4.3 Note Only issues effecting an upgrade from NetBSD 1.3 or NetBSD 1.3.x are decribed here. o "machine" directory/link in "/usr/include" Description Some architecture may fail to install the comp set because the /usr/include/machine directory changed to a symbolic link in NetBSD 1.4. Fix If this happens, you can use the command # rm -r /usr/include/machine to remove the old directory and it contents and reinstall the comp set. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by ``name(section)''. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropros(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the sec- tion should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is op- tional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after log- ging in, enter man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5)m enter man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.ORG. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instruc- tions. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and ques- tions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd- comments@NetBSD.ORG. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports in- clude lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: netbsd-bugs@NetBSD.ORG. Use of send-pr(1) is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the NetBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses. If you're inter- ested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the "owner" of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-help@NetBSD.ORG. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP some- where, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, includ- ing (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement. o Also, our thanks go to: Mike Hibler Rick Macklem Jan-Simon Pendry Chris Torek for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work they've done. o UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and for a long time provided the primary FTP site for NetBSD. o Vixie Enterprises for hosting the NetBSD FTP, WWW and SUP server. o Redback Networks, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD Mail server. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net has been maintaining the 386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be recognized for it. o The following individuals and organiztions (each in alphabetical or- der) have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to sup- port NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it: Steve Allen Jason Birnschein Mason Loring Bliss Jason Brazile Mark Brinicombe David Brownlee Simon Burge Dave Burgess Ralph Campbell Brian Carlstrom James Chacon Bill Coldwell Charles Conn Tom Coulter Charles D. Cranor Christopher G. Demetriou Scott Ellis Hubert Feyrer Castor Fu Greg Gingerich William Gnadt Michael Graff Guenther Grau Ross Harvey Charles M. Hannum Michael L. Hitch Kenneth Alan Hornstein Jordan K. Hubbard Soren Jorvang Scott Kaplan Noah M. Keiserman John Kohl Chris Legrow Ted Lemon Neil J. McRae Perry E. Metzger Herb Peyerl Mike Price Dave Rand Michael Richardson Heiko W. Rupp Brad Salai Chuck Silvers Thor Lancelot Simon Bill Sommerfeld Paul Southworth Ted Spradley Kimmo Suominen Jason R. Thorpe Steve Wadlow Krister Walfridsson Jim Wise Christos Zoulas AboveNet Communications, Inc. Advanced System Products, Inc. Avalon Computer Systems Bay Area Internet Solutions Brains Corporation, Japan Canada Connect Corporation Co-operative Research Centre for Enterprise Distributed Systems Technology Demon Internet, UK Digital Equipment Corporation Easynet, UK Free Hardware Foundation Innovation Development Enterprises of America Internet Software Consortium MS Macro System GmbH, Germany Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility, NASA Ames Research Center Piermont Information Systems Inc. VMC Harald Frank, Germany Warped Communications, Inc. (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!) We are... (in alphabetical order) The NetBSD core group: Alistair Crooks agc@NetBSD.ORG Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@NetBSD.ORG Frank van der Linden fvdl@NetBSD.ORG Luke Mewburn lukem@NetBSD.ORG Christos Zoulas christos@NetBSD.ORG The portmasters (and their ports): Mark Brinicombe mark@NetBSD.ORG arm32 Jeremy Cooper jeremy@NetBSD.ORG sun3x Ross Harvey ross@NetBSD.ORG alpha Ignatios Souvatzis is@NetBSD.ORG amiga Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino itojun@NetBSD.ORG sh3 Eduardo Horvath eeh@NetBSD.ORG sparc64 Paul Kranenburg pk@NetBSD.ORG sparc Anders Magnusson ragge@NetBSD.ORG vax Tsubai Masanari tsubai@NetBSD.ORG macppc Tsubai Masanari tsubai@NetBSD.ORG newsmips Minoura Makoto minoura@NetBSD.ORG x68k Phil Nelson phil@NetBSD.ORG pc532 Scott Reynolds scottr@NetBSD.ORG mac68k Darrin Jewell dbj@NetBSD.ORG next68k Kazuki Sakamoto sakamoto@NetBSD.ORG bebox Wolfgang Solfrank ws@NetBSD.ORG ofppc Jonathan Stone jonathan@NetBSD.ORG pmax Shin Takemura takemura@NetBSD.ORG hpcmips Jason Thorpe thorpej@NetBSD.ORG hp300 Frank van der Linden fvdl@NetBSD.ORG i386 Leo Weppelman leo@NetBSD.ORG atari Nathan Williams nathanw@NetBSD.ORG sun3 Steve Woodford scw@NetBSD.ORG mvme68k The NetBSD 1.4.3 Release Engineering team: Chris G. Demetriou cgd@NetBSD.ORG Havard Eidnes he@NetBSD.ORG Ted Lemon mellon@NetBSD.ORG Perry Metzger perry@NetBSD.ORG Curt Sampson cjs@NetBSD.ORG Developers and other contributors: Steve Allen wormey@NetBSD.ORG Julian Assange proff@NetBSD.ORG Lennart Augustsson augustss@NetBSD.ORG Christoph Badura bad@NetBSD.ORG Robert V. Baron rvb@NetBSD.ORG Erik Berls cyber@NetBSD.ORG John Birrell jb@NetBSD.ORG Mason Loring Bliss mason@NetBSD.ORG Manuel Bouyer bouyer@NetBSD.ORG John Brezak brezak@NetBSD.ORG Allen Briggs briggs@NetBSD.ORG Aaron Brown abrown@NetBSD.ORG David Brownlee abs@NetBSD.ORG Frederick Bruckman fredb@NetBSD.ORG Jon Buller jonb@NetBSD.ORG Simon Burge simonb@NetBSD.ORG Dave Burgess burgess@cynjut.infonet.net Robert Byrnes byrnes@NetBSD.org D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@NetBSD.ORG Dave Carrel carrel@NetBSD.ORG Bill Coldwell billc@NetBSD.ORG Julian Coleman jdc@NetBSD.ORG Chuck Cranor chuck@NetBSD.ORG Aidan Cully aidan@NetBSD.ORG Johan Danielsson joda@NetBSD.ORG Matt DeBergalis deberg@NetBSD.ORG Rob Deker deker@NetBSD.ORG Chris G. Demetriou cgd@NetBSD.ORG Jaromir Dolecek jdolecek@NetBSD.ORG Andy Doran ad@NetBSD.ORG Roland Dowdeswell elric@NetBSD.ORG Matthias Drochner drochner@NetBSD.ORG Jun Ebihara jun@NetBSD.ORG Havard Eidnes he@NetBSD.ORG Enami Tsugutomo enami@NetBSD.ORG Bernd Ernesti veego@NetBSD.ORG Erik Fair fair@NetBSD.ORG Hubert Feyrer hubertf@NetBSD.ORG Thorsten Frueauf frueauf@NetBSD.ORG Castor Fu castor@NetBSD.ORG Ichiro Fukuhara ichiro@NetBSD.ORG Brian R. Gaeke brg@dgate.org Thomas Gerner thomas@NetBSD.ORG Simon J. Gerraty sjg@NetBSD.ORG Justin Gibbs gibbs@NetBSD.ORG Adam Glass glass@NetBSD.ORG Michael Graff explorer@NetBSD.ORG Brian C. Grayson bgrayson@NetBSD.ORG Brad Grantham grantham@tenon.com Matthew Green mrg@NetBSD.ORG Juergen Hannken-Illjes hannken@NetBSD.ORG Charles M. Hannum mycroft@NetBSD.ORG Eric Haszlakiewicz erh@NetBSD.ORG HAYAKAWA Koichi haya@NetBSD.ORG Rene Hexel rh@NetBSD.ORG Michael L. Hitch mhitch@NetBSD.ORG Christian E. Hopps chopps@NetBSD.ORG Ken Hornstein kenh@NetBSD.ORG Marc Horowitz marc@NetBSD.ORG Dean Huxley dean@netbsd.org ITOH Yasufumi itohy@NetBSD.ORG IWAMOTO Toshihiro toshii@NetBSD.ORG Matthew Jacob mjacob@NetBSD.ORG Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj lonhyn@NetBSD.ORG Chris Jones cjones@NetBSD.ORG Soren Jorvang soren@NetBSD.ORG Takahiro Kambe taca@NetBSD.ORG Antti Kantee pooka@NetBSD.ORG Lawrence Kesteloot kesteloo@cs.unc.edu Thomas Klausner wiz@NetBSD.ORG Klaus Klein kleink@NetBSD.ORG John Kohl jtk@NetBSD.ORG Kevin Lahey kml@NetBSD.ORG Johnny C. Lam jlam@NetBSD.ORG Martin J. Laubach mjl@NetBSD.ORG Ted Lemon mellon@NetBSD.ORG Joel Lindholm joel@NetBSD.ORG Mike Long mikel@NetBSD.ORG Warner Losh imp@NetBSD.ORG Brett Lymn blymn@NetBSD.ORG Paul Mackerras paulus@NetBSD.ORG Dan McMahill dmcmahill@NetBSD.ORG Neil J. McRae neil@NetBSD.ORG Perry Metzger perry@NetBSD.ORG der Mouse mouse@NetBSD.ORG Joseph Myers jsm@NetBSD.ORG Ken Nakata kenn@NetBSD.ORG Bob Nestor rnestor@NetBSD.ORG Tohru Nishimura nisimura@NetBSD.ORG Masaru Oki oki@NetBSD.ORG Greg Oster oster@NetBSD.ORG Herb Peyerl hpeyerl@NetBSD.ORG Matthias Pfaller matthias@NetBSD.ORG Dante Profeta dante@NetBSD.ORG Chris Provenzano proven@NetBSD.ORG Waldi Ravens waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net Darren Reed darrenr@NetBSD.ORG Michael Richardson mcr@NetBSD.ORG Tim Rightnour garbled@NetBSD.ORG Gordon Ross gwr@NetBSD.ORG Heiko W. Rupp hwr@NetBSD.ORG SAITOH Masanobu msaitoh@NetBSD.ORG Curt Sampson cjs@NetBSD.ORG Wilfredo Sanchez wsanchez@NetBSD.ORG Ty Sarna tsarna@NetBSD.ORG SATO Kazumi sato@NetBSD.ORG Matthias Scheler tron@NetBSD.ORG Karl Schilke (rAT) rat@NetBSD.ORG Konrad Schroder perseant@NetBSD.ORG Tim Shepard shep@NetBSD.ORG Takao Shinohara shin@NetBSD.ORG Takuya SHIOZAKI tshiozak@NetBSD.ORG Chuck Silvers chs@NetBSD.ORG Thor Lancelot Simon tls@NetBSD.ORG Noriyuki Soda soda@NetBSD.ORG Bill Sommerfeld sommerfeld@NetBSD.ORG Bill Studenmund wrstuden@NetBSD.ORG Kevin Sullivan sullivan@NetBSD.ORG SUNAGAWA Keiki kei@NetBSD.ORG Kimmo Suominen kim@NetBSD.ORG Matt Thomas matt@NetBSD.ORG Christoph Toshok toshok@NetBSD.ORG Izumi Tsutsui tsutsui@NetBSD.ORG UCHIYAMA Yasushi uch@NetBSD.ORG Todd Vierling tv@NetBSD.ORG Aymeric Vincent aymeric@NetBSD.ORG Paul Vixie vixie@NetBSD.ORG Krister Walfridsson kristerw@NetBSD.ORG Lex Wennmacher wennmach@NetBSD.ORG Assar Westerlund assar@NetBSD.ORG Rob Windsor windsor@NetBSD.ORG Dan Winship danw@NetBSD.ORG Jim Wise jwise@NetBSD.ORG Colin Wood ender@NetBSD.ORG Legal Mumbo-Jumbo The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document: This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engi- neering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles Han- num. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor and Wash- ington University. This product includes software developed by Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the Uni- versity of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Chris Provenzano. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed by Christos Zoulas. This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross and Leo Wep- pelman. This product includes software developed by Gordon W. Ross. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Ignatios Souvatzis for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Com- munications, http://www.and.com/. This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Martin Husemann and Wolfgang Solfrank. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson and Charles D. Cranor. This product includes software developed by Mats O Jansson. This product includes software developed by Matthias Pfaller. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by SigmaSoft, Th. Lockert. This product includes software developed by Terrence R. Lambert. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt and John Brezak. This product includes software developed by Theo de Raadt. This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Center for Software Sci- ence at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the University of Calgary De- partment of Computer Science and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project. This product includes software developed for the Internet Software Con- sortium by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthieu Herrb. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Pier- mont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Ted Lemon. This product includes software developed by LAN Media Corporation and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Michael Graff for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, C Stone and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum, by the Uni- versity of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the Mitsumi CD-ROM driver: This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" in- cludes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, in- cluding but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. NetBSD 23 March 1999 40